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A 



SKETCH 



OF 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY, 


FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 


BY THE 

REV. JOHN HOLLAND. 


A new edition, revised and improved. 


WITH AN APPENDIX. 



BOSTON : 

PRINTED BY JOHN ELIOT, FOR F. NICHOLS. 
13J4 




DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, TO WIT : 

District's Clerk's Office. 


BE it remembered, that on the thirtieth day of July, A. D. 
I8t4, and in the thirty ninth year of the Independence of the 
United States of America, Francis Nichols, of the said dis- 
trict, has deposited in this office, the title of a book, the right 
whereof he claims as proprietor, in the words following, to wit : 

« A Sketch of Ancient Geography, for the Use of Schools. 
By the Rev. John Holland. A new edition, revised and improved. 
With an Appendix.” 

In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, 
intitled, “ An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing 
the copies of maps, charts and books, to the Authors and Proprie- 
tors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned and al- 
so to an act intitled, “ An Act supplementary to an Act. intitled. 
An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing tne copies 
of maps, charts and books, to the authors and proprietors of such 
copies during the times therein mentioned ; and extending the 
benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving and etching 
historical, and other prints.” 


WILLIAM S. SHAW 


C Clerk of 
£ of Ma& 


f the District 
’assachueetts. 




PREFACE. 


IjN" drawing up (he following sketch of Ancient Geog- 
raphy, the author has made a liberal, but, he hopes, not 
au improper use of Adam’s Geographical and Historical 
Summary. The divisions and boundaries of countries 
in ancient times, it may be difficult to delineate accu- 
rately^ but the association of places with remarkable 
events, or with eminent persons, will impress both geog- 
raphy and history, in natural order, upon the mind of 
youth. 

ADVERTISEMENT TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. 

This epitome of Ancient Geography and History is 
intended for the use of classical schools and academies. 
It is written by an English clergyman, and contains, in a 
small compass, more geographical and historical infor- 
mation, than any similar work which could be found 
in this country. It is indeed extremely condensed, 
and comprehends as much useful knowledge as most 
books of twice its size. It has been examined by seve- 
ral instructers and others, who think it adequate to the 
purpose of preparing students in ancient geography for 
admission into the universities. 

The union of ancient geography and history renders 
this work much more interesting and instructive than such 
long catalogues of the names and situations of places as 
we find in certain books of this kind. It is of little use 
to burden the memory of youth with a multiplicity of 
names cf towns in remote antiquity, many of which were 
probably small, and have entirely disappeared. Mere 
topography is a dry, uninteresting study ; a disagreeable 
exercise of the memory, which affords but little useful 
information. It is of no consequence to me to know that 
Britain and Kamtschatka are situate upon the same plan- 


PREFACE. 


iv 

et, unless 1 also know what sort of countries they are, 
and how they differ. No mental labour seems more irk- 
some and useless to youth, than to pore over topographi- 
cal tables of towns, and capes, and bays, and creeks, 
whose names are often so novel and uncouth that they 
can neither pronounce nor remember them. 

Though maps of the countries and places mentioned in 
this work are necessary to students, yet they could not 
be bound up in such a small volume. The reader is 
therefore referred to a New Atlas published by F. 
Nichols, which contains maps of Ancient, Modern, and 
Sacred Geography, price one dollar; or to D’Anville’s 
Atlas, or to Wilkinson’s Atlas Classica. 

This tract has been carefully revised, and has received 
some additions and improvements, -which render it more 
convenient to the youth of our country than the British 
edition. An Appendix containing a Comparative View 
of Ancient and Modern Geography, Ac. is extracted 
chiefly from Tytlcr’s Elements of History, 


To Preceptors. 

In addition to the Latin books usually read in the 
schools of Massachusetts, the following are recommended 
by the Government of Harvard College, to be adopted 
in all classical seminaries, from which scholars are usual- 
ly sent to the University. The principal object of the 
Government in recommending the stud)’ of more intro- 
ductory books is, that boys may be better grounded in 
Latin while at school, and be prevented from entering 
College at too early an age, which is found, from expe- 
rience, to be subject to some disadvantages both in a 
moral and a literary sense. 

Deccrpta ex Ovidii Nasonis Metamorphoseon Libris. 
By W. AVillymotte, LL. D. and T. Ruddiman, A. M. 
12mo. 75 cents. 

Cornelius Nepos. 

Four or five books of Ciesap* Commentaries. 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY, 


The north of Europe, the east of Asia, the south and 
middle of Africa, and the whole of America, were un- 
known to the ancients. The Romans knew only the 
name of Ireland, which they called Hibernia. Alex- 
ander of Macedou did not penetrate beyond the In- 
dian Ocean. It is not certain, though probable, that 
the Phenicians sailed round the coast of Africa. 


BRITAIN. 

In the book of Ezekiel (xxvii. 12) tin is mentioned 
as a commodity of merchandise at Tyre ; hence it may 
be imagined, that even in the time of Ezekiel this 
metal was brought from Britain. The Scilly isles, (on 
the south-west coast of Britain) which then furnished 
tin, were called Cassitendes, or islands of tin. Vec- 
tis, or the island of Wight, was supposed to have been 
the principal mart for this kind of commerce. Of the 
other islands near the coast of Britain the Mona of 
Caesar was the isle of Man ; but the Mona of Taci- 
tus, the seat of the Druids, was the isle of Anglesea. 

On account of its white chalky cliifs on the south- 
eastern coast, Britain was anciently called Albion. 
But before the invasion of Julius Caesar the British 
1 * 


6 


A SKETCH OF 


isles were little known to the rest of the world. Nor 
were the Romans established in Britain, till the Druids 
were almost annihilated, till Caractacus was sent 
prisoner to Rome in the reign of Claudius, till Roa- 
dicea was conquered by Suetonius Paullnus, and the 
Caledonians, commanded by Galgacus, were defeated 
by Agricola at the foot of the Grampian mountains. 
To secure his conquests Agricola erected a chain of 
forts between the Friths of Forth and Clyde, as well 
perhaps as from Solway Frith to nearly the mouth of 
the Tyne. In the reign of Adrian a wall was built 
to connect the forts in the latter direction ; in the reign 
of Antoninus those in the former were in like man- 
ner united. Adrian’s w 7 all was improved and strength- 
ened by Severus. Many public roads were made in 
Britain by the Roman soldiery; and the remains of 
them do credit to the skill and perseverance of the 
makers. 

Among the ancient inhabitants of Britain the Brig- 
antes occupied the greater part of the northern coun- 
ties of England, as Yorkshire, Lancashire, Westmore- 
land, Durham, Cumberland, Northumberland. The 
name of Northumberland was given to the whole of 
these counties, except Cumberland and Westmoreland, 
which last counties, with Wales and Cornwall, became 
the retreat of the ancient Britons. The Silures, w ho 
fought under Caractacus, were possessors of South 
Wales and some adjoining English counties. The 
Jceni, whom Boadicea excited to revolt, were inhabi- 
tants of Norfolk and Suffolk. The Trinobantes, who, 
under the conduct of Cassibellaunus, resisted Julius 
Caesar, lived in what is now called Middlesex. At 
least the southern coasts of Britain were peopled 
from Gaul, and the inhabitants of Hampshire retain- 
ed the name of Belgae, till the island was reduced to 
the form of a Roman province. 

The Saxons and Angles divided what they conquer- 
ed of the island, which was hence called England, in- 
to seven kingdoms, or the heptarchy, Kent. Essex, 
Sussex, Wessex. Mercia. East Anglia, and Northum- 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


berland. The counties of Essex, Kent, and Sussex 
were the centres of the kingdoms so named. 

Wessex included most part of the counties of Hamp- 
shire, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, Somersetshire, Devonshire. 

Mercia comprehended most part of the counties of 
Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Monmouth- 
shire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Wor- 
cestershire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Derbyshire, 
Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire, Rutlandshire, North- 
amptonshire. 

Norfolk and Suffolk are the northern and southern 
parts of what was called East Anglia. 


GAUL, GERMANY, &c. 

In the time of Julius Caesar, Gaul, or ancient France, 
was considered as possessed by three distinct nations, 
the Belgae, the Aquitani, and the Celtae The Belgae 
possessed the country north of the Seine, between it 
and the Maese and the Rhine ; the Aquitani lived 
between the Loire and the Pyrenees; and the Celtae 
were found between the Loire and the Seine, and along 
the course of the Rhone to the confines of the Roman 
province in the neighbourhood of Narbonne, which 
by Augustus was formed into a fourth division. 

v Since the Romans made but little progress in Ger- 
many, little more is known of the ancient geography 
of that country than that it extended from the Rhine 
to the Vistula, from the Danube to the Baltic; and 
that it comprehended a great number of warlike tribes, 
of whom the Suevi were the chief, and whose man- 
ners Tacitus appears to have described with great fi- 
delity and accuracy, from this consideration, that the 
barbarous nations of modern Europe have been dis- 
tinguished for the same. 

The Helvetians were the ancient inhabitants of 
Switzerland, whom Julius Caesar subdued, and whose 
country he included in Celtic Gaul. 


A SKETCH OP 


8 

Sarmatia comprehended not only some part of Po- 
land, but the south of Russia, and even extended from 
the Boristhenes into Asia to the confines of .cythia, 
from which it was scarcely separated by the Rlia or 
Wolga. Into this country poured the Goths, the Van- 
dals, and the Huns, who infested the eastern part of 
the Roman empire. 

Dacia to the north of the Danube, between it and 
the Carpathian mountains, was conquered by the em- 
peror Trajan, and united to Maesia by a magnificent 
bridge. 


SPAIN. 

The word Spain is manifestly derived from His- 
pania ; but the country was first distinguished by the 
names of Iberia and Hesperia. Before the second 
Carthaginian Avar it Avas scarcely known to the Ro- 
mans; but at that period they established themselves 
in the country, and afterward divided it into three 
great provinces, Tarraconensis, Bcetica, and Lusita- 
nia. 

The Celtic language and customs prevailed in Tar- 
raconensis, a province comprehending the north of 
Spain between the mouth of the Douro and the Py- 
renees, and containing the city of Numantia celebrated 
for its spirited resistance to the Rofiians, and Sagun- 
tum, the capture of Avhich by Annibal occasioned the 
second Punic war. 

Boetica, Avhich extended from the river Anas or Cua- 
diana along the south of Spain, Avas formerly noted for 
silver mines. Through the midst of it ran the Bcetis, 
noAv the Guadalquiver, near Corduba, the birth place 
of Seneca and Lucan, Italica that of Trajan, Adrian, 
and Silius Italicus; by Tartessus (perhaps the Tar- 
shish of Scripture), and Gades, the modern Cadiz, 
(originally peopled by a colony from Tyre), into the 
Atlantic ocean. 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


9 


The rock of Gibraltar was anciently called Calpe, 
or one of the pillars of Hercules, opposite to Abyla 
the other pillar in Africa. To the north was Carteia, 
where w as slain one of Pompey's sons after the battle 
of Munda, in which Caesar confessed that he fought 
for his life. Perhaps the most considerable place in 
the province of Bcetica was New Carthage, now called 
Carthagena, intended by the Carthaginians as the seat 
of a new empire, but captured by Scipio Africanus, 
who conquered Annibal in the plains of Zama in Af- 
rica. 

Lusitania was the ancient name of the modern Por- 
tugal, the country where Sertorius, with great wisdom 
and gallantly, long upheld the remains of the Marian 
faction, till at length he was treacherously assassinat- 
ed by Perpenna a confidential friend. 

Opposite to the mouth of the Ebro were the Balea- 
ric islands, now called Ivica, Majorca, and Minorca, 
the inhabitants of which w ere famous for the art of 
slinging. 


ITALY. 

Italy as well as Spain was anciently called Hes- 
peria, or the western country. Till the Romans had 
subdued the whole country, the name of Italy was 
confined to the middle of what is now so denominat- 
ed. The northern part was called Cisalpine Gaul, or 
Gallia togata, because the natives wore the Rom an 
gown, aBd was considered as divided into tv o parts by 
the river Padus or Po, Transpadana and Cispadana. 

Into the Po, which the poets called Eridanus, ran 
the TicTnus and the Trebia, rivers distinguished by 
the victories of Annibal. At Andes near the river 
Mincius, between Cremona and Mantua in Gallia 
Transpadana, the poet Virgil was born. Patavium or 
Padua in the country of the Veneti in the same pro- 
vitice, toward the north-west of the Adriatic, was the 


10 


A SKETCH OF 


birth place of Livy the Roman historian, as Verona 
was of C. JNepos, Catullus, and Pliny the elder. 

Iu an island of the Rhenus in Gallia Cispadana, 
before it runs into the Po, was formed the second tri- 
umvirate between Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus, 
after the siege of Mutina, during which Hirtius and 
Pansa, though the conquerors of Antony, were slain, 
and Decimus Brutus in his flight to Marcus was put 
to death. 

South from the mouths of the Po was Ravenna, re- 
markable for its capacious harbour, and on that ac- 
count, in imperial times, made a station for the Ro- 
man fleet on the Adriatic. 

In the north-west of Italy, between the rivers Var 
and Macra, was the ancient country of Liguria, where 
was the port of Genoa. 

Between the Macra and the Tiber was the celebrat- 
ed Etruria or Tuscany, a district of Italy proper, 
noted for the manufacture of earthen-ware. Through 
the midst of this province ran the Arnus, between which 
and the Tiber was the Thrasymene lake, where An- 
nibal obtained his third victory over the Romans. To 
the north of the Arnus was Pistorium, near which place 
Catiline was defeated and slain. At Tusci, near the 
source of the Tiber, was the elegant villa of Pliny the 
younger. From the Clusian marsh, west of the Thrasy- 
mene lake, ran the river Clanis into the Tiber by the 
town of Ciusium. the siege of which was left by Bren- 
nus the Gallic king, who was incensed at the hostile 
conduct of some Romans under the character of am- 
bassadors, and marched to Rome. In the same pro- 
vince, separated from Rome by the Tiber, but higher 
up the river, were Falerii the city of the Falisci, whose 
respect Camillus gained by punishing a treacherous 
preceptor, and Veii, taken by the same general after 
a siege of ten years. 

Umbria lay mostly among the Apennines, and was 
bounded on the north by the river Rubicon, over which 
Julius Caesar marched his army contrary to the com- 
mand of the Roman senate. Immediately after his 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


11 


passage he took possession of Arinilnum at the mouth 
of the Arimiuus, the iirst act of hostility in the war 
between him and Pompey. In this province was the 
river Metaurus, on the banks of which Asdrubal, An- 
nibal’s brother, was slain, and his forces were defeated. 
From Spoletium in the south of Umbria Annibal Avas 
repulsed in an attack after the battle at Thrasymene. 

A little to the south, in an island of the Nar, which 
ran into the Tiber, stood Interamoa, the birth place of 
Tacitus the historian, and of Tacitus the emperor. 

In Picenum to the south and east of Umbria was the 
port of Ancona, where a triumphal arch was erected 
in honour of Trajan, on account of the improvements 
made at his expence in the harbour. 

South of Picenum were the Yestini and the Peligni, 
in whose territories was Sulmo the birth place of Ovid. 
To the south-west was the Fucine lake, which Julius 
Caesar attempted to drain, and where Claudius exhib- 
ited a naval combat. 

North of Latium was the country of the Sabines, 
which contained Cures, whence the Roman citizens were 
called Q,uirltes, Reate, near which place Vespasian was 
born, the sacred mount, whither the Plebeians seced- 
ed, and Tibur on the Anio, near which was the villa 
of Horace. 

Latium, where Saturn lay hidden when he fled from 
Jupiter, was originally inhabited by various tribes, as 
the iFqui, Yolsci, and others, and was bounded on the 
north-west by the Tiber, which ran by Rome and Ostia 
(or the mouths) into the sea. 

Rome extended over seven hills, the Palatine, Caeliao, 
Janiculum, Aventine, Viminal, Quirinal, and Esqui- 
line. Beside these were the Capitoline or Tarpeian 
mount (which guarded the city, and whence condemn- 
ed criminals were thrown), and the Vatican, now the 
most remarkable part in Rome. 

At the confluence of the Allia with the Tiber the 
Romans were defeated by the Gauls. Near Tuscu- 
lum, to the east of Rome, was a celebrated villa of 
Cicero, which gave name to the. Tuscuian questions. 


12 


A. SKETCH OF 


Above Tusculum, near the Anio, was the lake Regil- 
Jus, where the Latins were totally and finally defeated. 
At Algidum, south of Tusculum, the dictator Cincin- 
nati rescued the Roman army, which was surround- 
ed by the ASqui and the Yolsci. 

Nearer Rome was the rival city of Alba, founded 
by Ascanius, but soon surpassed by its ambitious anta- 
gonist. Antium, the capital of the Yolsci, w as built by 
the same chieftain, and afterward became the principal 
dock-yard of the Romans. When Camillas took that 
port, he placed the rostra, or beaks of captured ves- 
sels, on the tribunal of harangues ; whence it was call- 
ed the rostrum. Between Alba and Antium was Co- 
l'ioli, by capturing which Coriolanus obtained his name. 
Caieta, a harbour as well as a town and promontory in 
Latnim, derived its name from the nurse of ALneas, who 
was buried there. 

No farther did Italy properly and originally extend. 
The southern part of what afterward bore that name 
was at first called Magna Graecia, or Great Greece, be- 
cause it was peopled by colonies from that country. 

In Campania the chief tow n was Capua, by the lux- 
uries of which Annibal’s army rvas enervated. Near 
Cumae, another town in the same province, resided one 
of the Sybils. South-west of Cumae was Misenum (so 
named from a companion of AEneas), where Augustus 
stationed a fleet. In the bay were Baiae and Puteoli, 
both noted for their hot baths and wells. In the neigh- 
bourhood were the lakes Lucrine and A vernus ; the 
former famed for oysters, the latter for its noxious wa- 
ters, a fabled descent into the infernal regions. Nea- 
polis, or Naples, formerly called Partheuope, was not 
■so famous in ancient as it has been in modern times, 
having taken the place of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 
which, in the reigu of Yespasian, were overwhelmed 
by an eruption of mount Vesuvius, when Piiny the nat- 
uralist was suffocated by the sulphureous smoke. Far- 
ther inland was Nola, where Annibal was defeated by 
Marcellus. 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


13 


Opposite the southern promontory of Campania was 
the island of Caprea, noted for the infamous debauche- 
ries of Tiberius Caesar. 

Samnium was entirely an inland country among the 
Apennines, to the south of Latium, between Campania 
and Apulia. Beneventum, one of the chief towns, w r as 
originally called Maleventum ; but the Romans from 
motives of superstition changed the name. Near this 
place were the celebrated Caudine forks, a defile, where 
Pontius the Samnite general obliged the captured Ro^ 
man army to pass under the yoke. 

From the borders of Samnium, Apulia extended aloug 
the Adriatic to Brundusium and Tarentum. The north- 
ern part of this province was called Daunia, from Dau- 
nus the father-in-law of Diomedes. In the north was 
Arpi, a city founded by Diomedes after the Trojan war. 
Not far to the south, at the mouth of the Aufidus, 
was Cannae, w here Aunibal gained his fourth and great- 
est victory over the Romans, in remembrance of which 
a neighbouring plain is still called the field of blood. 
The vanquished fled to Canusium, a town to the west, 
where they were received with great hospitality, and 
w r ere prevented by the heroism of Scipio from despair- 
ing of their country. At Yenusia, at the foot of the 
Apennines, and near the source of the Aufidus, the 
poet Horace was born. The Apulian sheep have been 
alw r ays remarkable for fine w r ool. 

Brundusium and Tarentum were principal towns in 
Calabria. The harbour at Brundusium w as so excel- 
lent and capacious, that in vain did Julius Caesar at- 
tempt to block up the fleet and army of Pompey in it. 
On the opposite side of Calabria, on a gulf bearing its 
name, stood Tarentum, founded by a colony from La- 
cedemon, enriched by commerce, yet so enfeebled by 
luxury as to solicit the aid of Pyrrhus to protect them 
against the Romans, whom they had insulted. Near 
Tarentum ran the Galesus, in whose waters were wash- 
ed the fine sheep, which fed on its bauks, and w hose 
fleeces were died with a purple colour obtained partly 
fiom a peculiar kind of shell fish. 

2 


14 


A SKETCH OF 


Calabria w as anciently called Japygia, from Japyx, 
a son of the artist Daedalus; and the whole peninsula, 
terminated to the south by the Japygian promontory, 
has been called the heel of the boot, as mount Gar- 
ganus, which in the north of Apulia projected into the 
sea, has been denominated the spur. In like manner 
Lucania, which extended from the gulf of Tarentum 
to the Tuscan sea, seemed to form the entrance into 
the foot of the boot. 

At Metapontum, a town of Lucania, on the Taren- 
tine gulf, founded by Nestor, Pythagoras resided to- 
ward the close of his life. Herodotus the historian 
spent some of his last years at Thurii, a town on the 
side of the gulf opposite to Tarentum, originally called 
'Sybaris, and under that name noted for the effeminacy 
of its inhabitants. On the Tuscan sea were the pro- 
montory and bay of Palinurus, which took their name 
from a pilot of ASneas, who w^as drow ned there. 

The Bruttii occupied the foot of Italy. Rhegium, 
an ancient city at the extremity, probably derived its 
name from a Greek word signifying that it w as torn 
from Sicily. In the northern and narrowest part of 
the strait w as the promontory of Scylla opposite to the 
whirlpool of Chary bdis, from which several fables and 
some moral precepts have been drawn. 

Nearly opposite, on the eastern side of Italy, w r as 
the city of Locri, where written Laws were used in 
early times, and for the use of whose inhabitants Za- 
leucus compiled a code from the systems of the Cretans, 
Lacedaemonians, and Athenians. 

Where the breadth of Italy is the least was the Scy- 
lacian bay, on the shore of which was a place called 
Annibal’s camp. North from the Lacinian promontory, 
the lower extremity of the heel, was the island of 
Ogygia, or of Calypso. The promontory itself form- 
ed one horn of the bay of Groton, where Avas the school 
of Pythagoras, and the birth place of his pupil Milo 
the wrestler. 

West from Italy, in the Tyrrhene sea, were the isl- 
ands of Corsica and Sardinia.. Corsica, anciently call- 


ancient geography. 


15 


ed Cyrnus, was noted for the production of bitter honey. 
By the Greeks Sardinia was named Ichnusa from its 
fancied resemblance to the human foot. From its in- 
habitants the laugh called the Sardonic took its name. 
Both these islands were objects of contention between 
the Carthaginians and the Romans. 

Sicily was the chief prize and the principal theatre 
of war between those two nations. Before this fertile 
legion became the granary of Rome, the surrounding 
seas were tinged with Funic blood. Anciently the 
whole island was called Sicania, and also Triquetra or 
Triuacria on account of its triangular form. Cape Pe- 
lorus was the northern, Pachynus the southern, and 
Lilybamrn the western angle. 

To the south of Pelorus, opposite to Rhegiuin, was 
Messana, which perhaps took its name from the fugi- 
tive JVIessenians; but by the Greeks it was called 
Zancle, from the resemblance of its port to a sickle. 
This city was treacherously seized by the Mamertines, 
who invited the Romans into Sicily to defend them 
against the Carthaginians. Near Tauromenium, to the 
south of Messana, w r as Naxus, the first colony estab- 
lished in the island by the Greeks. South-west from 
Tauromenium, founded by a colony from Chalcis in 
Euboea, was the city of Catana, which in ancient as 
well as modern times suffered from the eruptions of 
mount AStna. A little to the south was a mountain 
called Hybla ; but mount Hybla noted for honey was 
near Megara, to the north of Syracuse. 

Between Catana and Megara lay the country of the 
Leontines, with whose solicitations for assistance against 
the Syracusans the Athenians in an evil hour complied. 

Syracuse, founded by a colony from Corinth, after 
successfully resisting the invasion of the Athenians, 
was enabled by its mother couotry to shake off the 
yoke of Dionysius. Besieged by , Marcellus in the se- 
cond Carthaginian war, it was defended by the skill of 
Archimedes, who was unfortunately killed when the 
city w r as taken. Little more than the island of Orty* 
gia is now inhabited. 


A SKETCH OF 


IQ 

Next to Syracuse, the largest city in Sicily, was 
Agrigentum on the southern coast, a Rhodian colony, 
tyrannized over by Phalaris, ruled with wisdom and 
justice by Theron, taken by the Carthaginians, but 
at length an ally and subject of Rome. 

Lilybaeum, at the western promontory so called, was 
taken by the Romans after a siege of ten years. North 
of Lilybaeum was the town of Drepanum, or the scythe, 
on a promontory of that shape. To the north were 
the town and mountain of Eryx, long and bravely de- 
fended by Amilcar, Annibafs father, till the naval vic- 
tory, obtained by the Romans near the islands called 
./Egates, opposite to the coast between the promontory 
and the mountain, compelled him to surrender, and 
closed the first Carthaginian war. 

On a bay to the north-east of Eryx stood Segesta, 
founded possibly by .Eneas, near which were two furi- 
ous streams called by him Simois and Scatnander, in 
memory of streams so named near Troy his native 
country. In the same direction was Panormus, or All- 
port, (so called from the excellence of its harbour), a 
city founded by the Phenicians, possessed by the Greeks, 
seized by the Carthaginians, and at length subject to 
the Romans. 

Among the inland places in Sicily were the flow- 
ery plains of Enna, nearly in the centre of the isl- 
and, whence it is fabled that Proserpine was carried 
away by Pluto. The islands of Lipari to the north- 
east of Sicily, between it and Italy, were anciently 
denominated either JEolides, from yEolus the fabled 
god of the winds, in consequence of the tempestuous 
w eather near them, or Vulcanise, from Vulcan the fa- 
bled god of fire, on account of the volcanoes found 
there, particularly in Strombolo, then called Strongyle, 
or the round island. These islands followed the fate 
of others near Sicily, being subject at first to Carthage, 
and at last to Rome. 

Malta to the south of Sicily was anciently called 
jVTefita, noted for the production of cotton, originally 
peopled by the PheniciaHs, then possessed by the Car- 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 17 

thaginians, and afterward by the Romans. Another 
island of the same name on the coast of Illyricum, 
in the Adriatic, has been supposed by some to have 
been the place where the Apostle Paul was ship- 
wrecked. 


THRACE, MACEDONIA, GREECE, 

&c. 

To the north of Ancient Greece was the country 
of Thrace, which was separated on the north from 
Msesia by mount Haemus, bounded on the east by the 
Euxiiie or Black Sea, the Thracian Bosphorus, the 
Propontis, and the Hellespont, on the south by the 
Aegean sea, and on the west by Macedonia, from which 
it was anciently separated by the Strymon, and af : 
terward by the Nessus or Nestors. 

Mount Haemus was a ridge of mountains south of 
the Ister or Danube, arid parallel to it, from the sum- 
mit of which it has been said, that both the Euxine 
and Adriatic seas might be 6een. Rhodope, another 
ridge parallel to Haemus, in the centre of Thrace, was 
celebrated in the history of Orpheus. From mount 
Haemus ran the Hebrus opposite to the island of Sa- 
mothrace. From Pchodope ran the Nessus by Abdera, 
the birth place of Democritus, into the Aegean sea 
opposite to the island of Thasus. Between the Nes- 
sus and the Strymon was the city of Philippi, where 
Brutus was defeated, and where the apostle Paul was 
imprisoned. 

On the Bosphorus, which unites the Euxine and 
the Propontis, was situate the ancient city of Byzan- 
tium, afterward called Constantinople. Other cities 
named from Roman emperors, as Adrianopolis and Tra- 
janopolis, were built on the banks of the Hebrus. In 
like manner Philippopolis on the Hebrus was built 
by Philip of Macedon, the father of Alexander. 

The Hellespont, or sea of Plelle, so called from a 
Theban princess drowned there, is a strait between 
2 * 


] 


A SKETCH Ok 


the Propontis and the Aegean sea, washing the eas- 
tern coast of the Thracian Chersonesus or peninsula. 
Into this strait opposite to Lampsacus, a city in Asia, 
ran the ALgos potamos or goat’s river, where the 
Lacedaemonian general Lysander entirely defeated the 
naval power of the Athenians. On the same strait 
was the city of Sestus, opposite to Abydus in Asia, 
places famous for the history of Hero and Leander. 
Here, by order of Xerxes, was made a bridge of boats 
to transport his army, which he afterward reviewed 
in the plains of the Dorisci to the west of the Hebrus. 

Before Macedonia was considered as a part of Greece, 
or Philip and Alexander had extended its limits, it 
reached only from the Strymon to the Peneus, or, ac- 
cording to Caesar, only to the Aliacmon. 

South from the mouth of the Strymon, on the gulf 
called from that river, was StagTra, where Aristotle 
was born. In the peninsula between the Strymonir 
and the Singitic gulfs was mount Athos, through which, 
by order of Xerxes, a navigable canal was cut. 

In the peninsula called Pallene, between the Toro- 
nean and the Thermatic gulfs, or on the isthmus unit- 
ing it to the continent, stood Potidaea (one cause of 
the Peloponnesian war), and Olynthus, both of which 
Philip of Macedon took from the Athenians. Therma, 
at the termination of the gulf, was the most ancient 
name of Thessalonica, where Cicero resided during 
his banishment, and to the Christians of which city 
the apostle Paul wrote two epistles. [Near the north- 
western coast of the same gulf was Pella, the birth 
place of Philip and Iris son Alexander. Still more to 
the south were Methone, where Philip’s right eye was 
shot out by an arrow, and Pydna, where the forces of 
Perseus, the last king of Macedon, were defeated by 
the Romans under Paulus rEmilius. A little to the 
north-west of both places was Beraea, the inhabitants 
of which were commended by Luke for their liberal 
and inquiring spirit. 

On the confines of Macedonia and Thessaly w r as 
mount Olympus, on account of its height and fertility 


ANCIENT GEOGKlPHY. 10 

the fabled residence of the gods. At least the inland 
part of Thessaly was surrounded by mountains, and 
w as, it is said, anciently covered with w ater. Pelion 
and Ossa were to the east, Olympus to the north, 
Pindus to the west, and (Eta to the south. 

Between Olympus and Ossa, along the banks of the 
Peneus, was the vale of Tempe. To the west of Olym- 
pus, on the confines of Macedonia, was mount Pierus 
sacred to the muses. Near the banks of the Enipeus, 
which ran into the Apidanus, and afterward into the 
Peneus, were the plains of Pharsalia, where Pompey 
was defeated by Caesar. Not far distant to the east 
was Pherae, which Pelopidas, though w ith the loss of 
his own life, deprived of its tyrant Alexander. 

In the Thessalian plains many horses w r ere bred, and 
the inhabitants being skilful riders gave rise to the 
fable of the Centaurs, who were said to be half horses 
and half men. 

To the west of Macedonia and Thessaly, separated 
from them by different ridges of mount Pindus, along 
the Adriatic, were Illyricum and Epirus. In the for- 
mer was the port of Epidamnus or Dyrrachium, famous 
for the military and hostile operations of Pompey and 
Caesar, and where those w ho sailed from Brundusium 
usually landed ; though from Oricum in Epirus, far- 
ther southward to the Garganian promontory, was the 
shortest but not the safest passage. Epirus is best 
known as having had the ambitious and restless Pyrr- 
hus for its king. Chaonia, one of its provinces, was 
protected to the east by a chain of mountains called 
Acroceraunian, because their summits were frequently 
struck with lightning. 

To the east was the country of the Molossi (where 
was Dodona fabled for oracular oaks), from which 
ran into Thresprotia the rivers Acheron and Cocytus, 
converted by the poets into infernal streams; not far 
distant from which was the pestilential lake Avernus. 
To the north, opposite to the island of Corcyra, in 
which were the gardens of Alcinous, were the river 


20 


A SKETCH OF 


and town of Thyamis, near which Atticus, the friend 
of Cicero, had an estate. 

In Acarnania, on the south of the Ambracian gulf 
in Greece properly so called, was the city of Actium, 
noted for the victory obtained by Octavius Caesar over 
Antony and Cleopatra, in commemoration of which 
Nicopolis, or the city of victory, was built on the north- 
ern side of the gulf, and games observed every five 
years were instituted at Actium. Leucadia was joined 
to Acarnania in the time of Thucydides, who relates, 
that ships were drawn over the isthmus, which was 
afterward dug through by the inhabitants. 

East of Acarnania w as ^Etolia, inhabited by a war- 
like people, who opposed the Athenians, and even at 
first the Romans, with success, and had gained pos- 
session of the city and harbour of Naupactus in the 
territories of the Locri-Ozolse, situate on the Corinth- 
ian gulf, and so called from the many ships built there. 

North of them, at the foot of the mounts CEta and 
Parnassus was the small country of Doris, inhabited 
by one of the most ancient tribes of the Greeks, whose 
simple rural dialect was deemed w ell adapted for pas- 
toral poetry. 

Locris was of larger extent, and inhabited by sev- 
eral tribes bearing the name of the country; but was 
principally remarkable for containing the pass of Ther- 
mopylae, a place so called from its hot springs or baths, 
situate between a precipice of mount (Eta and the 
sea, where a small band of Spartans under Leonidas 
thrice repulsed the whole army of Xerxes, but being 
attacked in the rear, were at length overpowered and 
slain. 

South of Locris was the country of Phocis, through 
the midst of which extended the chain of lofty moun- 
tains called Parnassus, whither the inhabitants of Del- 
phi retired for refuge during the invasion of Xerxes, 
and which, on account of its grandeur and beauty, the 
poets consecrated to the Muses. Near Delphi was the 
Castalian fountain, a draught of which, it was fabled* 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY, 


21 


communicated the spirit of poetry. Delphi was pro- 
tected by mountains instead of walls, and was famous 
for the temple and oracle of Apollo, as well as for the 
celebration of the Pythian games in honour of that 
deity every fifth year. At this place, in the spring, 
assembled the Amphictyonic council, to deliberate on 
the common affairs of Greece; in the autumn they 
met at Anthela near Thermopylae. Cirrha, on the Co- 
rinthian gulf, was the port of Delphi; and on a small 
peninsula to the east was Anticyra, noted for hellebore. 
Through Phocis ran the river Cephlsus into the lake 
Copais in the midst of Boeotia. 

Boeotia extended north of Attica and Megaris from 
the Eurlpus, a strait between the continent and Eu- 
boea, to the Corinthian gulf. It was a fertile region, 
but its atmosphere was usually so thick, that in the 
opinion of some, notwithstanding several splendid ex- 
ceptions, as Pindar, Epaminondas, and Plutarch, it oc- 
casioned a general dulness of the inhabitants. 

Plutarch was a native of Chaeronea, a town near the 
Cephisus, on the borders of Phocis, where Philip of 
Macedon defeated the combined forces of the Thebans 
and Athenians. At the foot of mount Helicon, a ridge 
in the south of Bosotia, consecrated to the muses, was 
the village of Ascra, where Hesiod was born. Not far 
to the eastward w r as Leuctra, where Epaminondas first 
defeated the Lacedaemonians. Near mount Cithaeron, 
a ridge separating Boeotia and Attica, stood Flataea, 
where the army of Mardonius the Persian general, 
left by Xerxes in Greece, was defeated, and himself 
slain. 

Thebes the capital of Boeotia, a city built by Cad- 
mus, who introduced letters into Greece, was noted in 
antiquity for its unfortunate kings, and finally for its 
own terrible destruction by Alexander. 

From Aulis on the Euripus, opposite to ChaJcis in 
Euboea, sailed the Grecian fleet to Troy. At Delium 
on the same coast was a temple of Apolio, constructed 
on the model of the temple at Delos, where, after the 
defeat of the Athenians by the Boeotians, Socrates saw 


22 


A SKETCH OF 


his pupil Xenophon lying senseless on the ground, and 
took him on his shoulders, and carried him to a place 
of safety. To the south; on the Asopus, was Tana- 
gra the birth place of the poetess Corinna, the inhab- 
itants of which place were fond of cock-fighting. 

Along the north-east coast of Boeotia and Attica 
lay the island of Euboea, separated from the continent 
by the Euripus, a strait still noted for the irregulari- 
ty of its tides. 

Attica was a peninsula of a triangular form, having 
its base toward Boeotia, and its vortex in the promon- 
tory of Sunium, to the south of mount Laurium, which 
was noted for silver mines. Of the other mountains 
Pentelicus was famous for marble quarries, and Ily- 
mettus for honey. Most of the mountains in this coun- 
try produced abundance of olives. 

North of Pentelicus was Marathon famed for the 
victory obtained by Miltiades over the Persians in the 
reign of Darius. Among the mountains of Parnes was 
the fort of Phyle, which, with only thirty men, Thra- 
sybulus seized, when he undertook to deliver his coun- 
try from the thirty tyrants. Decelia, to the east, was 
another fortified place, which, by the advice of Alcibi- 
ades, the Spartans garrisoned during the Peloponnesian 
war. Eleusis, a city in the west of Attica, gave name 
to the Eleusinian mysteries instituted in honour of 
Ceres. 

Athens was the metropolis of this celebrated coun- 
try, and took its name from Minerva, to whom it was 
dedicated. Her temple was in the citadel, and near 
it was the Areopagus, where the apostle Paul address- 
ed the Athenians. Athens had three harbours. Pha- 
lerum, the ancient port, being very incommodious, and 
Munichia being better fitted for a fortification, were 
both superseded by the Pineus to the west of the Mu- 
nichian peninsula. By the advice of Themistocles they 
were all connected with the city by a wall. Among 
many other famous places in the vicinity of Athens, 
were the grove of Academus, where was the school of 
Plato, and the Lyceum, where Aristotle lectured. 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


23 


To the west of Attica was the island of Salamis, on 
the eastern coast of which the Persian fleet of Xerxes 
was defeated by the skill of Themistocles. 

South of Salamis was the island of Aigina, to whose 
inhabitants the prize of valour was given after the 
battle of Salamis. Long did they contend with the 
Athenians for naval superiority. At length they were 
subdued, and so cruelly treated by their haughty riv- 
als, that, though the Lacedaemonians restored their isl- 
and to them, they never recovered their former power. 

East from Sunium was the small island of Helena, 
so called from the queen of Sparta, who first landed 
there after her elopement with Paris. 

South-east from Helena was Ceos (one of the Cy- 
clades, being twelve or more islands round Delos), 
where the poet Simonides was born. Delos was famous 
for the nativity and worship of Apollo and Diana. To 
Gyarus and Serlphus criminals were banished by the 
Roman emperors. To the east of Serlphus were Paros 
noted for marble, and Naxos celebrated for vines and 
the worship of Bacchus. 

Megaris connected Attica with the isthmus, but w r as 
little noted, unless for its hostilities with the Athenians, 
in defiance of which Euclid, who afterward delivered 
lectures at Megara, frequently disguised himself as a 
woman, and went by night to Athens to receive in- 
struction from Socrates. 

South of Greece properly so called w as the Pelo- 
ponnesus or island of Pelops, so named from a son of 
Tantalus, by whom it was originally colonized, and 
since denominated the Morea from its resemblance in 
shape to the leaf of a plane tree. 

On the isthmus (where the Isthmian games were cel- 
ebrated every fifth year in honour of Neptune) was 
the city of Corinth, which, in consequence of the dan- 
gers arising from coasting the Peloponnesus, became a 
great mart for commerce by means of its tw o ports Le- 
chaium on the Corinthian or Crissman gulf, and Cen- 
chrese on the Saronic. North-west from Corinth was 
Sicyon, the capital of the most ancient Grecian kingdom. 


24 


A SKETCH Off 


Both Corinth and Sicyon have by some been in elud- 
ed in the province of Achaia, a narrow slip of land ex- 
tending along the Corinthian gulf to the promontory 
Araxum, and separated to the south from the rest oi 
Peloponnesus by a ridge of mountains. 

Near jEgium Agamemnon assembled the Grecian 
chieftains before the siege of Troy. 

Southward from the promontory Araxum, washed by 
the Ionian sea was the small country of Elis, less not- 
ed for its chief town of that name than for the Olym- 
pian games celebrated at Pisa (afterward called Olym- 
pia) every fifth year in honour of Jupiter. 

Four complete years formed an Olympiad. 

At Scillus on the borders of Triphylia Xenophon 
wrote most of his works. 

Arcadia, the country of shepherds, occupied the cen- 
tre of the Peloponnesus, and was the only inland pro- 
vince. From the north ran the little river Styx, a 
name given by the poets to the stream over which 
they fabled that the dead were ferried by Chiron into 
the infernal regions, because its waters were pernicious, 
if not poisonous. 

Among the chief towns in this country were Man- 
tinea, where Epaminondas conquered and fell, Tegea 
a rival Republic, and Megalopolis founded by the 
same illustrious commander. 

To the east of Arcadia, and to the south of Corin- 
thia, was the province of Argolis, which was called 
the cradle of the Greeks, because here lived the most 
ancient of those who were so denominated. In the 
north of this province the Nemaean games were cel- 
ebrated in honour of Hercules every three years. 
South of that place was Mycenae the city of Agamem- 
non. But Argos afterward became the capital of the 
province. 

East of Argos, on the Saronic gulf, opposite to the 
island of ALgina, stood Epidaurus, near which was the 
temple of Esculapius the god or father of medicine. 
At Traezen to the south Theseus was educated, near 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


25 


the coast of which place was the island of Calauria, 
where Demosthenes poisoned himself. 

Messenia, a province in the south-west of the Pelo- 
ponnesus, was separated from Elis by the river Neda. 
In this country some have thought was the city of Py- 
los, (where the sage Nestor reigned) a port on the Ionian 
Sea ; but Homer describes that place as being in Tri- 
phylia. 

Messenia was best known for its calamitous wars with 
the Spartans, against whom the forts on mount Ithome 
and mount Ira were in successive contentions long and 
bravely, though in vain, defended. To the south, near 
the head of the Messenian gulf, was the city of Mes- 
sene, founded or rebuilt by Epaminondas. 

Messenia was separated from Laconia by the ridge 
of mountains called Taygetus, a branch of which ex- 
tended to the neighbourhood of Lacedaemon or Sparta. 
By this city ran the Eurotas into the Laconian gulf. 
West from its mouth stood Gythium, the port of Lace- 
daemon, a place of great strength. On the north-east- 
ern shore of the gulf v r as Helos, whose inhabitants 
were reduced to slavery by the Spartans. 

The land coasting the gulf is of a semi-elliptical 
form, and terminated to the west in the promontory of 
Taenarus, where was a temple of Neptune, and to the 
east in the promontory of Malea, near which navigation 
was very dangerous. 

To the south of Malea lay the island of Cythera, 
noted for the worship of Venus, which beiug brought 
thither by the Phenicians to Scandea, a port on the 
eastern side, might occasion the fable, that the goddess 
rose out of the sea. 

The largest of the Greek islands was Crete, so call* 
ed from the commodity of chalk, which it furnished. In 
the centre of this island, where it was broadest, was 
the lofty mountain called Ida, the summit of which w as 
always covered with snow. In a cave of mount Dicte, 
in the east of Crete, Jupiter is said to have been born. 
He was worshipped with peculiar honour in every part 
of the island. Homer celebrated this isle as contain* 
3 


26 


A SKETCH OF 


ing 100 cities. Those of most note were Gnossus near 
mount Ida, the seat of Minos, Gortyna, where was 
the celebrated labyrinth, and Cydonia in the north- 
west, called by Florus, the metropolis. 

The ship in which the Apostle Paul was conveyed 
prisoner to Italy sailed along the eastern side of the 
island by the promontory of Salmone, and along the 
southern near Lasea and the Fair Havens; and was driv- 
en by the wind and nearly wrecked on the coast of 
Clauda, a little isle to the south-west of Crete. 

Cyprus in the east of the Mediterranean, opposite 
to the coast of Cilicia, abounded with copper, and was 
devoted to the worship of Venus. The principal tem- 
ple was at Paphos. There the Apostle Paul, after 
having passed through the island from east to west from 
Salamis, converted the Roman proconsul Sergius Paulus. 
Salamis was founded by Teucer in memory of his na- 
tive country, whence he was banished. At Citium in 
the south Zeno the stoic was born. 

Of the other Grecian islands many lay along the 
coast of Asia. Lemnos was situate in the Aegean Sea 
between mount Athos and Troy. It contained many 
blacksmiths, and was therefore deemed sacred to Vulcan. 

In Lesbos to the south-east the chief towns w ere Me- 
thymna the native place of Avion, and Mitylene that 
of Pittacus, one of the wise men of Greece, of the 
poet Alcaeus, and of the poetess Sappho. Both Lesbos 
and Chios to the south, opposite to Teos, were noted 
for wine. 

To the west of the promontory of Mycale, where the 
Greeks defeated the Persians on the day when the bat- 
tle of Platea w as fotight, w as the island of Samos, where 
Pythagoras was born, where Juno was worshipped; 
and lcaria, whence, or from the son of Dedalus, the 
sea around was called Icarian. 

To the south of these Avas the island of Patinos, where 
the Apocalypse Avas Avritten. To lire north-west of 
Rhodes, opposite to Halicarnassus in Caria, Avas the 
island of Cos, the country of Hippocrates the physi- 
cian, and of Apelles the painter. Rhodes ay as situate 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


27 


to the south-west of Lycia, and was remarkable for 
its commerce and for its Colossus. 

All these islands in the eastern part of the Aegean 
Sea, on the coast of Asia, were called Sporades, or 
the isles scattered abroad. 


ASIA. 

In Asia the ancients observed several extensive 
chains of mountains, as the Riphaean, the source of the 
Tanais or Don, Taurus, which began in Pamphylia 
and divided Asia into north and south, Imaus, which 
extended through Scythia or Tatary, and was called 
the stony girdle of Asia, Nipliates between Armenia 
and Assyria, and Caucasus between the Euxine sea 
and the Caspian. All these mountains however, ex- 
cept the Riphaean, were reckoned by Pliny branches 
of Taurus. 

Though Asia minor be not a very ancient name, yet 
by it we may designate that extensive tract of country 
now called ISTatolia, which is situate between the Euxine 
and the Mediterranean, and extended from the iEgean 
Sea to the river Euphrates. Its provinces were nu- 
merous, but not accurately defined. 

In Mysia major, or Phrygia minor, to the north-west, 
near the promontory Sigaeum (where was the tomb of 
Achilles), at the foot of mount Ida, and at the mouth 
of the Xanthus or Scamander, below its junction with 
the Simois, stood the city of Ilium or Troy, the siege 
of which by the Grecians during ten years has been 
made illustrious by the genius of Homer and of Virgil. 

In Mysia minor, on an island of the Propontis (01- 
sea of Marmora), joined to the continent, stood Cyzi- 
cus, the siege of which by Mitlmdates w as raised by 
Luculius. Kear it ran the river Granicus, ou the 
banks of which Alexander first defeated the Persians. 

Bithynia extended from the Thracian Bosphorus to 
the river Parthenias. On the Bosphorus stood Chal- 


* 


28 


A SKETCH OF 


cedon, called the city of the blind, because its found- 
ers preferred its situation to that of Byzantium. Far- 
ther inland, and to the south, was Nicomedia, near 
which Annibal was buried, and Nicaea (Nice), where the 
first general council of ecclesiastical delegates was held. 

In Paphlagonia, to the east of Bithynia, on the shore 
of the Euxine, was Sinope the birth place of Diogenes. 

Galatia, to the south of Paphlagonia, was a corrup- 
tion of Gallo-Grecia, and took that name from some 
emigrant Gauls, by whom it was colonized after the 
burning of Borne. To the Christians in this province 
the Apostle Paul w T rote an epistle with his own hand. 

Pontus, along the east of the Euxine from the river 
Halys to the borders of Colchis, was the kingdom of 
Mithridates. Cerasus, a sea-port town, gave name to 
the cherry-tree, which was brought into Italy by Lu- 
culliis. 

Colchis, to the east of the Euxine, w as the country 
celebrated for the expedition of the Argonauts under 
Jason in search of the golden fleece, or for ti e fine 
wool of its sheep. From Phasis, which stood on a riv- 
er of that name, pheasants were probably brought. 

The western coast of Asia minor, along the ifLgean 
Sea, was colonized by the Greeks. ALolia was peo- 
pled from jEtolia. 

Ionia contained the following places. 1. Phoceea, 
a colony from which founded Marseilles. 2. Smyrna 
on the river Meles, one of the seven cities which con- 
tended for the honor of being the place of Homers 
birth, according to the line Smyrna, Bhodus, Colophon, 
Salamis, Chios, Argos, Athente. 3. Erythrm opposite 
to the island of Chios, and once the residence of a 
Sybil. 4. Teos on the south of the same peninsula, 
where Anacreon was born. 6. Ephesus on the Cays- 
ter famous for the temple of Diana, where w ere born 
Heraclitus the philosopher, and Parrhasius the paint- 
er, and whence the Apostle Paul was driven by a 
riot after a residence of nearly three years. 6. Priene, 
opposite to the island of Samos, where lived Bias, 
called one of the seven wise men of Greece. 7. Mi- 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


29 


letus, where lived Thales the father of philosophy, 
Anaximander the inventor of dials and maps, and Ti- 
motheus the musician, and where the Apostle Paul 
took an affecting leave of the Ephesian Christians. 
8. My us near the mouth of the Mmander, appointed 
by Artaxerxes to supply Themistocles with meat, as 
Lampsaeus in My si a was to furnish him with wine, 
and Magnesia with bread. 

Lydia, the kingdom of Craesus, whom Cyrus subdu- 
ed, was also called Mteona, and originally included 
Ionia. The burning of Sardes its capital by the re- 
volted loniaus, at the instigation of the Athenians, oc- 
casioned the first invasion of Greece by the Persians. 
Near Magnesia Scipio (hence called Asiaticus) defeat- 
ed Antiochus. In Lydia were the seven churches to 
which the Apocalypse w as addressed, namely, Ephesus, 
Smyrna, Pergamus, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and 
Laodicea. 

To the east of Lydia was Phrygia, properly so call- 
ed, an inland country, the source of the Maeander cel- 
ebrated for its windings, and containing Gordium noted 
for the knot to be untied by the conqueror of Asia, 
which Alexander cut with his sword. 

Laodicea was famous for the woo] of its sheep. To 
the Christians at this place w as probably read the epis- 
tle directed to the Ephesians, as well as the similar 
one addressed to the disciples at Colosse. 

Halicarnassus in Caria w T as the native place of He- 
rodotus the father of history, and of Dionysius the 
historian of Rome. There was the celebrated Mau- 
sokeum erected by Artemisia queen of Caria, in hou- 
our of her husband Mausolus. 

Cnidus in the peninsula of Doris, to the north-west 
of Rhodes, was sacred to Venus, and contained the 
admirable statue of her, which was wrought by Prax- 
iteles. 

In Lycra, to the east of Caria, was the port of Pa- 
tara famous for the oracle of Apollo, where the Apos- 
tle Paul landed as he went up to Jerusalem ; and also 
the city of Xanthus, in the flames of which, kindled 
3 * 


30 


A SKETCH C* 


by themselves, most of its inhabitants chose to perish 
rather than submit to Brutus. 

At Perga in Paniphylia Mark forsook Paul and Bar- 
nabas on their first apostolical journey, and at Antioch 
in Pisidia Paul preached in the Jewish synagogue. 

At the mouth of the river Eurymedon, -which ran 
from mount Taurus through Pamphylia into the sea 
at Aspeudus, Cimon destroyed the Persian fleet and 
army. 

Isauria and Lycaonia, to the north of Pamphylia, 
were intersected by branches of mount Taurus. As 
there was a tradition that Jupiter and Mercury had 
been in this country, so when the lame man was heal- 
ed at Lystra, the inhabitants of that city were with 
difficulty restrained from paying divine honours to 
Paul and Barnabas. Yet not many days afterward 
some Jews came from Iconium, another city in the same 
province, and persuaded the multitude to stone Paul, 
who however recovered from his w ounds, w ent to Derbe 
a third chief town, and sailed from Attalia a port in 
Pamphylia to Antioch in Syria. 

Cilicia, a province to the east of Pamphylia, to the 
south of Cappadocia, and to the north of Cyprus, was 
almost hemmed in by mountains on the land side ; and 
the various entrances w ere called Pylae or gates. Along 
the coast was the city of Soli, said to have been founds 
ed by Solon, as well as another town of the same name 
in the island of Cyprus. At one of these places the 
emigrant Athenians, deviating from the purity of their 
native tongue, occasioned the application of the term 
solecism to similar corruptions. 

Near the river Cyduus was the city of Tarsus, the 
birth place of the Apostle Paul, where philosophy and 
the sciences were diligently cultivated. By bathing 
in the Cydnus when he was warm, Alexander was 
thrown into a dangerous fever. On the confines of 
Syria stood Issue, where Alexander defeated Darius, 
and in the neighbourhood of which he built the towms 
of Nicopolis and Alexandria on the Mediterranean. 
At Tyana on the borders of Cappadocia was born 


ANCIENT GEOfcllAFKY. 


31 


Apollonius, by some deemed a philosopher, by others 
an impostor. 

Syria extended from Cilicia, from 'which it was sep- 
arated by mount Amanus, to Arabia and Egypt, and 
was situate between the Mediterranean and the Eu- 
phrates, and included Commagene, Seleucis or Syria 
proper, Caelesyria, Phenicia, and Palestine. In Com- 
mageue, the chief town was Samosata on the Euphrates, 
the birth place of Lucian, below which stood Zeugma, 
where Alexander transported his army over that river 
opposite to Apamea. Through Syria proper, north 
from Heliopolis, now Balbeck, where was a temple of 
the sun, ran the Orontes by Emesa and Antioch, into 
the sea to the south of Seleucia the port of Antioch. 
At Emesa Heliogabalus was priest of the sun, and at 
Antioch the disciples of Jesus w ere first called Chris- 
tians. To the east were Beraea, now Aleppo, and Bam- 
bycae or Hierapolis famous for the temple of the Sy- 
rian goddess Atargatis (with a woman’s face and a fish’s 
tail), by the Greeks called Derceto. 

Caele or hollow Syria w as so called, because it was 
situate between, two parallel mountains, Libanus and 
Antilibanus. On the Chrysorrhoas, or golden stream, 
was the chief town Damascus, near which Paul was con- 
verted, and whence damasks and damascenes derived 
their names. Between the Orontes and Euphrates stood 
Tadmor or Palmyra in the wilderness, mentioned in 
the first book of Kings as built by Solomon, and long 
defended against Aurelian the Roman emperor by queen 
Zenobia with the aid of her secretary Longinus. 

Phoenicia was a province of small extent in the north 
of Palestine along the Mediterranean, but celebrated 
and enriched by the commerce of its two cities Tyre 
and Sidon. 

The Holy Land, at first called the land of Canaan, 
and afterward Palestine, seemed to be separated from 
other countries by a wall of mountains, of which the 
most noted were Hermon in the north-east, Gilead and 
Arnon to the east, and Seir to the south between Pal- 
estine and Idumaea. The Jordan (or river Dan) ran 


32 


A SKETCH OK 


through the eastern part of the province from the sea 
of Galilee into the Dead sea, where Sodom and Go- 
morrah were situate. 

“ The first division of this country was made in the 
time of the patriarchs, and, under the name of Canaan, 
was inhabited by twelve different nations, whose names 
are mentioned in the Bible. Afterward the country was 
divided into the twelve following tribes. Asher, Naph- 
tali, Zebulon, Issachar, Manasseh, Gad, Ephraim, Ben- 
jamin, Dan, Simeon, Judah, Reuben. Thirdly, it was 
divided into the two kingdoms of Judah and Israel, 
the former containing the tribes of Judah and Benja- 
min, the latter the other ten tribes. Lastly, after it 
was conquered by the Romans, it w as divided into te- 
trarchies, of which the principal were Judaea, Samaria, 
Peraea, Galilaea, Ituraea, Trachonitis.’' Editor. 

The lands allotted by Joshua to the tribes of Gad 
and Reuben were to the east of the Jordan. Manasseh 
had possessions on both sides. Naphtali, Benjamiu, 
and Judah were inland. Asher, Zebulon, Issachar, Eph- 
raim, Dan, and Simeon were washed by the Mediter- 
ranean. 

In the south of Asher, on the sea coast, was mount 
Carmel, the retreat of the prophet Elijah. In the land 
of Reuben was mount Nebo or Pisgah, whence Moses 
had a view of Canaan. Mount Hor, where Aaron 
died, was on the confines of Edom. 

In the time of Christ the mountainous country in the 
north-east of Palestine w r as called Trachonitis. The 
union of ten cities in a common league along the east- 
ern coast of the sea of Galilee occasioned that part 
of the country to be called Decapolis. But the chief 
provinces to the west of the Jordan along the Medi- 
terranean, though not accurately divided, were Gali» 
lee, Samaria, and Judaea. 

Between two branches of the Jordan was Caesarea 
Philippi, so named from Herod’s brother, where Jesus 
announced himself the Messiah to his apostles. In the 
Gospels the sea of Galilee is also called the lake of 
Gennesaret, and the sea of Tiberias, from places so 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


33 


named to the north or south. Bethsaida to the north- 
east of the same lake was the native place of the 
Apostles Philip, Andrew, and Peter. At Capernaum, 
which was situate exactly north, Jesus resided some 
time, and healed the nobleman’s son, and Peter’s moth- 
er-in-law. At Cana in the north-west of Galilee he 
attended a nuptial feast, and turned water into wine. 
At Ptolemais or Aco, now Acre, a port in Galilee, Paul 
landed on his last journey to Jerusalem, mentioned 
in the Acts of the Apostles. Nazareth, where Jesus 
spent most of his early youth, was in the midst of Gali- 
lee. To the east was Tabor, the mount of transfigu- 
ration, to the south Naim, where the widow’s sou was 
restored to life. 

Samaria occupied the middle of Palestine, and con- 
tained the mountains of Gilboa, where Saul and Jon- 
athan were slain; Jezrael, Avhere was Naboth’s vine- 
yard; Salem opposite to Bethabara, where John bap- 
tized ; Samaria, Ahab’s capital, afterward called Se- 
baste, or Augusta in honour of the Roman emperor ; 
and Sichem between the mounts Ebal and Gerizim, 
where the Samaritans worshipped, and near which, at 
a well, Jesus taught the Samaritan woman the nature 
of religious devotion. 

East of Sichem was Iscariot, which gave name to 
Judas the traitor, Caesarea in the west of Samaria, 
on the shore of the Mediterranean, built or improved 
by the first Herod, w as the residence of the Roman 
governors, where Herod Agrippa suddenly died, where 
Cornelius the centurion was converted, and where Paul 
was detained in prison more than two years, till after 
his appeal to Caesar he was sent to Rome. In the 
south of the same province w as the sea port of Joppa, 
where some have fabled, that Andromeda was set at 
liberty by Perseus, where lived the charitable Dorcas, 
whom Peter restored, and where he saw r the vision, 
which prepared him for the conversion of Cornelius. 

In the province of Judaea, near the Jordan, were 
Ai and Jericho, cities taken by Joshua, Arimathea in 
the west, the residence of Joseph, w ho buried Jesus, 


34 


A SKETCH OF 


and Jerusalem the capital of the Holy Land. To the 
north of Jerusalem was Emmaus, where Christ’s man- 
ner of breaking bread discovered him to the two dis- 
ciples after his resurrection ; to the south was Bethle- 
hem, where David lived in his youth, the reputed birth 
place of Jesus; to the west mount Calvary, where he 
was crucified; and to the east, beyond the brook Ked- 
ron, were the mount of Olives, whither he went after 
eating the passover with his Apostles, Gethsemane, where 
he prayed and was betrayed, and Bethany, where he 
ascended into heaven. 

Within the walls of Jerusalem, on mount Moriah, the 
place intended for the sacrifice of Isaac, were the tem- 
ple in the east of the city, protected by the tower Anto- 
nia built by Herod, where the Romans kept a guard dur- 
ing the great feasts, the city of David in the west, aud 
mount Sion separated by the wall from the valley of Hin- 
nom, the scene of inhuman superstition in idolatrous times. 

In the south of Judma were Mamre and Hebron, 
near which was the cave of Machpelah, the burial 
place of Abraham and his family. The Philistines 
long occupied the south-west part of Judma, and their 
chief places were Gath the capital, Azotus and Asca- 
lon nearer the sea, and Gaza (or treasure), a frontier 
town 011 the confines of Egypt, so called, because Cam- 
byses deposited his military chest there, a place be- 
sieged and taken by Alexander with circumstances of 
uncommon cruelty, near which in the desert Philip 
converted and baptised the Ethiopian eunuch. 

[For a further account of Palestine see Clarke's Trav- 
els in Greece and the lloly Land , and Chateaubriand's 
Travels .] 

The region of Mesopotamia w T as so called, because 
it was situate between the Euphrates aud the Tigris*. 
JSisibis on the Mygdonius, a stream running into the 
Tigris, became the barrier city of the Romans on the 
side of Persia. Seleucia, at the confluence of the Ti- 
gris with the Euphrates, was built by Seleucus Nica- 
nor, and exhausted Babylon of its inhabitants. At 
Came (perhaps the more ancient Haraa mentioned in 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


35 


the history of Abraham), between the Chaboras and 
the Euphrates, Crassus was defeated and slain. 

To the south-west of Mesopotamia was Chaldaea, of 
which the chief city was Babylon on the Euphrates, 
where probably was the tower of Babel, a word ren- 
dered by some confusion , by others the court of Bel. 
To the east was Assyria, of which the capital was 
Ninus or Nineveh on the Tigris. Not far to the east 
was Arbela, famous for the total and final defeat of 
Darius by Alexander. 

In Media, which extended along the south of the 
Hyrcanian or Caspian lake, the chief city was Ecba- 
tana founded by Dejoces the first king. This place 
afterward became the summer residence of the Per- 
sian monarchs, as Susa was the winter residence. Af 
Pasagavda they were usually crowned, and Cyrus the 
first was buried. Persepolis on the Araxes, which 
finally became the chief city, was laid in ruins by the 
revenge or the madness of Alexander. 

In ancient as well as in modern times Arabia was 
considered as divided into Deserta, Petraea, and Felix. 
In Arabia Deserta, or in the province of Palmyra, was 
Thapsacus on the Euphrates, where was a bridge cross- 
ed by Darius both before and after his defeat by Alex- 
ander at Issus, but where Cyrus the younger had wad- 
ed through the river with his army before the battle 
of Cunaxa in Assyria. 

Petra was the capital of Arabia Petrsea, in which 
country were Horeb and Sinai, two cliffs in the north- 
ern part of the same range of mountains. On the north- 
eastern branch of the Arabian gulf, or Red Sea, stood 
Berenice, anciently Ezion Geber, whence Solomon’s 
vessels sailed to Ophir, supposed to have been a port, 
in Sofala, on the south-east coast of Africa. Arabia 
Petraea included the land of Edom, where was mount 
Seir on the confines of Moab to the east of the Dead 
Sea. 

In the south was Arabia Felix, the country of the 
Sabaeans, which yielded frankincense, myrrh, and oth- 


A SKETCH OF 


-36 

er aromatics, and was fertile in comparison of the rest 
of the barren country of Arabia. 

Parthia was anciently a province in the north-east 
of Persia, of which the capital was Hecatompylos, or 
the city with a hundred gates; but after the death 
of Alexander its extended boundaries rendered it for- 
midable to Rome, till at length, in the third century, 
it again became part of the Persian empire. 

To the north-cast of Parthia was Bactriana, where 
Alexander punished Bessus the murderer of Darius, 
and afterward crossed mount Imaus to invade India. 
The valour of Porus, though defeated on the Hydas- 
pes, a branch of the Indus, checked the career of the 
Macedonian conqueror. In honour of his horse Alex- 
ander founded the city of Bucephala. His army re- 
fused to pass the Hypasis, and obliged him to return to 
Babylon, where he died either of intoxication or by 
poison. His fleet however, under the command of 
IN’earchus, sailed down the Indus, and thus prepared 
the way for farther discoveries in the east. 

The island Taprobana is mentioned by some Roman 
writers, but it is doubted whether it was Sumatra or 
Ceylon. The Seres, or the ancient inhabitants of Chi- 
na, were scarcely known till they introduced silk (hence 
called Sericum) into the western parts of the world. 

AFRICA. 

Though the accounts of voyages round Africa by 
the Phenicians and by Hanno the Carthaginian be 
admitted as true, yet much less was known of this 
continent in ancient than in modern times. The Ma- 
deira islands were called Purpur arise, because Juba, 
the last JNumidian prince, set up a manufacture of pur- 
ple there. The Fortunate isles, to which the emperor 
Sertorius once wished to retire, are supposed to have 
been the Canaries (originally so named, it has been said, 
on account of their large dogs), of which Tencriffe was 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


37 


called Nivaria, because the peak, one of the highest 
mountains iu the world, was covered with snow. The 
islands, called Hesperides, and isles of the Gorgons, 
the scene of many fables, are supposed to have been 
the Cape Verd islands. Beyond these Plato describ- 
ed the island Atlantis as being situate, which, since he 
has represented it as larger than Asia and Africa, some 
have supposed to be America. 

Their wars with Carthage made the Romans ac- 
quainted with Numidia, whence they pursued Jugur- 
tha into the country of Mauritania to the west, where 
ruled Bocchus his father-in-law, whose dominions were 
separated from his by the river Mulucha. The JNu- 
midians were originally called ISTomades or Shepherds 
from their wandering mode of life in search of pasture 
for their flocks and herds. At Cirta, the capital, Ad- 
herbal was killed, as ITiempsal had been at Thirmida, 
by the orders of Jugurtha, who was defeated by Me- 
tellus at Thala, where his treasures were kept, and by 
Marius at Capsa. Hippo Regius, near the river Rub- 
ricatus, was the episcopal seat of Augustine; and at 
Zama near the deserts Annibal v r as defeated tyy Scipio. 

To the east of Numidia was the province called 
by the Romans Africa proper, the capital of Avbich, 
Carthage, w as founded by a colony of Tyrians under 
the command of queen Dido. At Utica, to the west 
of Carthage, the second Cato, after the defeat of Scipio 
by Caesar at Thapsus, despairing of the liberty of Rome, 
put himself to death. Between Utica and Carthage 
ran the river Bagrada, where was killed an enormous 
serpent, which for some time stopped the progress of 
the Roman army commanded by Regulus.* At Tu- 


* This relation would be deemed marvellous, if its credibility 
had not been confirmed bv a late traveller of reputation. See 
Jackson’s Account of the Empire of Murocco. Chap. VII. 

“ The JBoah, or desert snake, is an enormous monster, from 
twenty to eighty feet long, as thick as a man’s body, and of a din- 
gy colour. This inhabitant of the dosert of Sahara is r ot YeuoBi- 
ous, though it is not less destructive. Its velocity rs so great that 
it is impossible to escape the Boah. ll will twist itself round an 

4 


38 


A SKETCH OF 


ms, to the east of Carthage, Regulus was defeated and 
taken prisoner by the military skill of Xantippus the 
Spartan. 

The Syrtic region, situate between the less and 
greater Syrtes or quicksands, was afterward called Tri- 
politana, from its three principal cities Oea, Sabrata, 
and Septis ; the last of which at least was founded by 
the Sidonians, and all paid a tribute to Carthage. To 
the west this district was separated from Africa proper 
by the river Triton, near which, according to mythol- 
ogy, Minerva was born, and was therefore called Tri- 
tonia. 

In the height of its power the empire of Carthage 
extended along the coast of Africa from the straits call- 
ed the pillars of Hercules to the region of Cyrene. 
After many wars the boundaries were fixed by the pa- 
triotic zeal of the Carthaginian Philaeni, who consent- 
ed to be buried alive rather than allow, that they did 
not set off at the same time with their antagonists ac- 
cording to the agreement, that where they met y their 
several territories should extend. Hence the place was 
called the altars of the Philaeni. 

On the eastern side Cyrenaica was bounded and sep- 
arated from Egypt by a declivity called Catabatlimos, 
formed by a ridge of protecting mountains. 

The western district of this country was called Pen- 
tapolis from its five cities, namely, Cyrene the birth 
place of Aristippus (the forerunner of Epicurus), and 
of Carneades the Academician, founded by a colony 
of Greeks from Thera one of the Sporades; Apollonia 
the port of Cyrene ; Ptolemais, anciently Barce, named 
from the Ptolemies ; Arsinoe named from the wife of 
Philadelphus; Berenice, anciently Hesperis, near which 
was the garden of the Ilesperides. 

In ancient times no country in Africa, nor perhaps 
hi the world, was more celebrated than Egypt. The 

ox, crush its bones, ami then swallow it gradually; after which it 
lies supinely on the ground two or three days, unable to proceed 
till the animal be digested.” It is found to the north of Sahara, 
and therefore, might be in the route of Regulus’s army. Editor. 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


39 


lower or northern part formed by the different chan- 
nels into which the river Nile diverges before its dis- 
charge into the Mediterranean, was called the Delta, 
and resembled the Greek letter A in its triangular form. 
To the west of the Delta was built the city of Alex- 
andria, opposite to the island of Pharos, where was 
a splendid light-house erected in the reigns of the Ptole- 
mies. Homer has represented Pharos as a day’s sail 
from Egypt, but in Caesar’s time it v r as joined by a 
bridge, and has since become part of the main land. 

On the Delta, near the mouth of the Nile’s western 
channel, stood Candpus, so called from the pilot of Me- 
nelaus, w ho was buried there, a place noted for the li- 
centious rites observed in honour of the god Serapis. 
But Sais was deemed the capital of the Delta, where 
was a temple dedicated to Minerva, to the south-west of 
which place, on the Canopic branch of the Nile, was 
Naucratis, a commercial city, the birth place of Athe- 
naeus the grammarian. 

Near the mouth of the eastern channel stood Pelu- 
sium, which being the key of Egypt on the side of Phe- 
nicia, w as kept strongly fortified. South-east from the 
Apex of the Delta, in lower Egypt, was the land of 
Goshen, the portion assigned by Joseph to the children 
of Israel. 

In upper Egypt the chief places were Memphis, near 
which the pyramids were built, Thebes famous for its 
hundred gates, and Coptos the emporiutn of Indian and 
Arabian commodities. 

In the same district w r ere many cities with character- 
istic names, as Heliopolis, or the city of the sun, where 
that luminary w as worshipped, Nilopolis, or the city of 
the Nile, Heracleopolis, or the city of Hercules, Aph- 
roditopolis, or the city of Venus, Cynopolis, or the city 
of the dog, Crocodilopolis, or the city of the Crocodile, 
with several others of a like kind of significant names. 

Near the city of Arsinoe, above Memphis, to the 
w r est of the Nile, were the most ancient Labyrinth, (bu- 
rial place or state prison, which served as a model for 
that in Crete), and the lake of Maeris, which w as dug to 


'40 


A SKETCH OF 


receive the superfluous waters of the liver during its 
annual inundations. 

On the confines of Ethiopia (a name given to the 
eastern interior of Africa) were Syene, whither Juvenal 
was banished, situate uuder the southern tropic, and 
noted for its quarries of marble, Elephantina in an isl- 
and of the Nile, and Philae in another isle above. All 
these were included in the ancient Thebais, so called 
from its capital. 

Above them were the cataracts of the Nile. The 
sources of this river were objects of fruitless research 
in ancient times, whether by Cambyses, Alexander, or 
others. An island in the Nile, in Ethiopia, was called 
Meroe, from the sister and wife of Cambyses. 

Ceetulia to the south of Numidia, and Lybia toward 
the centre of Africa, were known to the ancients only 
as the residence of uncivilized nations, and of wild 
beasts. They are still almost unknown, and are sup- 
posed to be thinly inhabited by people who are little ad- 
vanced in civilization. 


t 


QUESTIONS. 


IX ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY*. 


VY hat parts of the world were known to the ancients ? 
How far did Alexander penetrate in Asia ? What 
ancient mariners are supposed to have sailed round the, 
coast of Africa ? 

What was Britain originally called, and why ? What 
nation traded to Britain ? When and for what commodi- 
ty ? What were the Scilly isles hence called ? What were 
the islands of Man and Anglesea called, and by whom ? 
For what was the latter noted ? By whose means was 
Britain first made known to the Romans ? What cal- 
amities did the Britons suffer before they were subdu- 
ed ? What works of labour did the Romans execute 
in Britain ? Who planned, begau, improved, and com- 
pleted them ? What tribes of the ancient Britons were 
the most distinguished, and what parts of the island did 
they severally inhabit ? Whither were they driven by 
the Saxons ? How was the conquered country then di- 
vided ? and what names were given to the whole and 
to the several parts ? What did the latter include ? 

What was the name of ancient France ? By what 
nations was it possessed ? How far did their territo- 
ries severally extend ? By what Roman was Gaul 
Subdued ? 

How far did Germany anciently extend ? Which was 
the principal tribe ? What ancient writer has descrih- 
4 * 


42 


QUESTIONS IN 


ed the manners of the Germans ? Who were the ancient 
inhabitants of Switzerland ? By what Roman were they 
subdued ? In what does he include their country ? 

What did Sarmatia comprehend ? How far did it 
extend ? How was it separated from Scythia ? Of what 
invaders was it the resort ? Where was Dacia ? By w hom 
conquered ? To what united ? 

What were the more ancient names of Spain ? When 
did it become known to the Homans? How r was it di- 
vided by them ? Which was the northern province ? 
Why was it so called ? What was its extent ? What 
language and customs prevailed there ? What cities did 
it contain, and for what have they been celebrated in 
history ? Why was the southern province valued ? 
What river ran through it ? By what places did it run, 
and for what w ere they noted ? What w as Gibraltar 
anciently called ? What towns w r ere to the north-east, 
and w'hat events occurred there ? Which w as the most 
considerable city in this province ? By whom w as it 
founded, and why ? What name does it still bear ? By 
whom w as it captured ? 

What was the ancient name of Portugal ? What Ro- 
man faction was long maintained there ? By whom, 
4nd what w as his fate ? What islands w ere opposite to 
the mouth of the Ebro, and for what were the inhabit- 
ants famed ? 

What was the ancient name of Italy, and its mean- 
ing ? Which part w r as originally called Italy, and how 
JoDg ? What was the northern part called, and by what 
river was it divided ? What were the smaller streams 
( ailed, which ran into it ? For what were they noted ? 
Where was Andes, and for what was it celebrated? 
What was the ancient Dame of Padua, and who was 
born there ? Where was the second triumvirate formed ? 
By what events in the neighbourhood was it preceded ? 
What harbour w T as south of the Po, and how w as it 
used ? Between what rivers was Liguria situate ? and 
Etruria ? What manufacture originated in Etruria ? 
What river ran through the midst of the country ? What 
lake was between that river and the Tiber, and for 


ANCIENT OEOGRAFHY. 


43 


what was it noted ? "What town was to the north of 
the Arnus, and who was defeated and slain there ? 
AVhat place w as near the source of the Tiber and w ho 
had a villa there ? By what town did the Clanis run ? 
By whom, and w herefore was the siege forsaken ? What 
other towns were in the same province,, and on what 
account are they celebrated in history ? 

Among what mountains did Umbria lie ? AVhat river 
formed its northern boundary ? W r hat civil war began 
in this neighbourhood, and how ? For what was another 
river in this province known in history ? What town in 
the south of Umbria did Annibal attack? What town 
stood on an island of the Nar, and who were born there ? 
What province was to the south and east of Umbria ? 
W'hat port did it contain, by whom was it improved, 
and what tribute of honour was therefore paid to him ? 
Where was Sulino, and who w as born there ? What 
lake was to the south-west ? Who attempted to drain 
it ? What did Claudius exhibit there ? What country 
was north of Latium ? What noted places did it con- 
tain ? Whence did Latium obtain its name ? By w hat 
tribes was it originally inhabited ? What river was its 
northern boundary, and what was its course ? On what 
hills was Rome built ? What other hills were in Rome ? 
What event happened at the confluence of the Allia 
with the Tiber ? Where was Tusculum, and for what 
w as it famous ? Where was the lake Regillus, and what 
event occurred there ? For what was Algidum noted ? 
What w r as the rival city of Rome ? By whom was it 
founded ? What other town was built by him, and what 
did it afterward become ? What Roman took it, and 
what then occurred ? What city was between Alba and 
Antium ? What was the situation of Caieta, and from 
whom did it take its name ? What was the southern part 
of Italy originally called, and why ? What province was 
south of Latium ? AVhat was the chief town, and what 
occurred there ? W ho resided at Curnm ? What port 
was to the south-west ? From whom was it named, and 
of what use did it become ? What other celebrated 
places were on the shore of the bay ? What lakes were 


44 


QUESTIONS in 


in the neighbourhood, and for what were they noted ? 
What was Naples formerly called ? What towns were 
near it ? What was their fate ? Who lost his life near 
Naples? What town was further inland, and what 
event occurred there ? What island was opposite the 
southern promontory of Campania, and for what was 
it noted ? How was Samnium situate ? What was one of 
its chief towns ? Its original name ? Why changed ? 
What was a neighbouring defile called, and for what 
was it celebrated ? In what direction and how far did 
Apulia extend ? What was the northern part of the 
province ealled, and from whom ? By whom was a city 
i’ouuded in this district ? What river ran through this pro- 
vince into the Adriatic ? What celebrated place was near 
its mouth ? What is a neighbouring plain still called, and 
why ? Whither did the vanquished flee, how were they 
received, and what other event occurred at that place ? 
ifchere was Venusium ? Who was born there ? For 
what animals has Apulia been noted ? Which were the 
principal towns in Calabria ? Where were they situ- 
ate ? For what w ere they remarkable in ancient his- 
tory ? What river was near Tarentum, and how were its 
waters used ? What w as the ancient name of Calabria ? 
In what promontory did the peninsula terminate ? What 
have it and other parts of Italy been called from their 
appearance in a map ? How far did Lucania extend ? 
What were its towns, and for what were they known ? 
From whom did the promontory and bay on the Tus- 
can sea take their name ? What people occupied the 
foot of Italy ? What city w r as situate at the extremity, 
and whence probably did it derive its name ? What 
w r as the promontory in the northern and narrowest part 
of the strait called ? What was opposite to it ? What 
city was on the eastern and opposite side of Italy ? 
For w T hat was it noted ? Who w as its lawgiver ? What 
was the bay called in the narrowest part of Italy ? 
What military remains were there ? What was the pro- 
montory at the lowest extremity of the heel called ? 
On what bay was it ? For what was that place distln 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


45 


guished ? What island was situate to the south-east of 
the promontory ? 

What was the name of the sea which separated 
Corsica and Sardinia from Italy ? What was the an- 
cient name of Corsica, and for what was it noted ? 
What was Sardinia called, and why? To what have 
its inhabitants given name ? What rival nations con- 
tended for these islands ? What other island was the 
chief prize, and what did it hence become ? What 
was its use to Rome ? What w as it anciently called, 
and why ? What were its northern, southern and west- 
ern angles ? What town w as in the north-east of Sici- 
ly ? What else was it called, and w hy ? By whom was 
it afterward seized ? What colony was first established 
in Sicily by the Greeks ? By whom w r as Catana found- 
ed ? How has it been injured ? Where was mount Hy- 
bla, and for what w as it famed ? Who invited the Athe- 
nians into Sicily, and why ? By whom was Syracuse 
founded ? Whose invasion did it repel ? Whose yoke 
did it shake off, and how ? By whom w as it besieged, 
by whom defended, and what was his fate ? To what 
is the city now reduced? Which was the next large 
city in Sicily ? Where situate ? By whom founded, 
and what w as its subsequent history ? Which was the 
third considerable city, and what w as its history ? 
What town w 7 as to the north, and why was it so call- 
ed ? Where was Eryx, and for what was it celebrated ? 
What w ere the small islands off the coast called ? What 
event happened near them ? What w ere the conse- 
quences ? Where was Segesia ? By whom was it found- 
ed ? What rivulets were in the neighbourhood ? Why 
were they so called? Whence did a port in the north- 
west of Sicily obtain its name ? By whom w as it found- 
ed? By whom was it afterward successively possess- 
ed ? Where were the plains of Enna, and how are 
they celebrated in mythology ? What were the islands 
to the north-east of Sicily called, and why ? What was 
the small island to the south called ? What did it 
produce ? By w hom was it originally peopled ? What 
other island was called by the same name ? 


48 


QUESTIONS IN 


What country was to the north of ancient Greece ? 
From what was it separated, and how was it bound- 
ed? In what direction were the mountains, and what 
might be seen from them ? In whose story is another 
parallel ridge mentioned ? What rivers ran from these 
mountains, and by what tow T ns ? For what was a town 
situate between the tw o boundary rivers famous ? What 
were the seas and straits called between Europe and 
Asia ? How were they connected ? What celebrated 
towns were built upon their coasts ? What other places 
were in like manner named ? Whence did the Helle- 
spont take its name? Wdiat other events have hap- 
pened upon it ? What w ere the ancient limits of Mace- 
donia ? W r ho most increased its dominions ? What work 
was executed at a mountain there? What were the 
ehief places in this kingdom ? W 7 here were they sit- 
uate, and for what were they celebrated ? W’hat coun- 
try w as to the south of Macedonia, and what famous 
mountain was on the confines ? W r hat other mountains 
w ere in this district ? What vale was among them, and 
along what river? Which of the Thessalian plains be- 
came a scene of hostile contention ? W r ho deprived 
Pherae of its tyrant ? What animals w r ere bred in Thes- 
saly, for what art were the inhabitants famous, and 
what fable was founded upon their skill ? What prov- 
inces were to the west of Macedonia and Thessaly, 
and how were they separated from them ? What was 
the port in Illyricum, and for what w as it noted ? For 
what is Epirus best known? Plow was one of its prov- 
inces protected ? What country was. to the east, and 
what supposed holy place was there ? What rivers ran 
from it, and what lake w as near them ? What w as the 
situation of Thyamis? Who had an estate there ? What 
island w T as opposite, and for what was it famed? What 
province was to the south ? By what gulf w as it wash- 
ed? For what was a town there celebrated? How 
was this event commemorated ? How is it proved, that 
a neighbouring island was once joined to the continent ? 
What province was to the east, and what were the char- 
acter and history of its inhabitants? Where was Nau- 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


AJ 


pactus situate, and why was it so called ? Where was 
Doris, and for what was its dialect adapted ? What was 
the chief place in Locris ? and what is the meaning of 
its name ? Where was it situate, and what memorable 
event occurred there ? What country was to the south ? 
What chain of mountains extended through the midst ? 
On what account has it been noted ? What spring was 
in the neighbourhood ? How was the town protected, 
and for what else was it famous ? At what other place 
did the Amphictyonic council assemble ? What was 
the port of Delphi ? What other place was on a penin- 
sula to the east ? What river ran through Phocis ? How 
did that country extend ? From what island was it 
separated, and how ? What was the peculiarity of its 
climate, and the supposed consequence? What town 
was on the borders of Phocis, and for what was it mem- 
orable ? What ridge of mountains was in the south of 
Boeotia ? and for what were it and a village at its foot 
noted ? W r hat town to the eastward was the scene of 
a celebrated battle ? What ridge separated Boeotia from 
a southern province ? What town was in the neigh- 
bourhood, and for what was it celebrated ? What was 
the capital of Boeotia, and what was its history ? What 
Boeotian port was on the Euripus, and for what was 
it famous ? What other town was on the same coast, 
and of what benevolent action was it the scene ? By 
what remarkable place did the Asopus run ? For what 
was the Euripus known? 

What was the form of Attica ? How did it terminate? 
What were its mountains, and for what were they not- 
ed ? What other celebrated places were there in the 
country ? Which was the chief town, and the origin of 
its name ? What curiosities did it contain ? What were 
its harbours ? What famous places were in its vicin- 
ity ? What islands were to the west or south of Attica, 
and for what were they celebrated ? Whafc remarkable 
cluster was to the east, and how were they respectively 
distinguished ? Hoy; was Attica connected with the 
isthmus ? 


48 


QUESTIONS IN 


By what names has the peninsula to the south of 
Greece been called, and why ? What city was on the 
isthmus ? What circumstance rendered it a place of 
trade ? Where were its ports situate ? What ancient 
city was to the north-west ? In what province were 
both cities sometimes included ? How far did that prov- 
ince extend ? For what was another place in the same 
province distinguished ? What provinces of the Pelo- 
ponnesus were washed by the Ionian sea ? In which 
was Pisa ? What else was it called, and for what was 
it famous ? Who resided at Scillus, and how did he 
employ himself there ? What province occupied the 
centre of the Peloponnesus, and what other peculiarity 
did it possess ? What stream was in the uorth ? For 
what were the chief towns celebrated ? How was Ar- 
golis situate ? What was it called, and why ? What 
were the chief towns, and for what were they famed ? 
How was Messenia separated from Elis, and from La- 
conia ? What ancient sage reigned at a city in this or 
an adjoining province ? Whence was Messenia best 
known ? Where was the capital, and by whom was 
it rebuilt ? What was the chief town of Laconia ? On 
what river was it situate? What was its port? What 
other noted place was in the same province ? What 
were the western and eastern promontories of Laconia 
called ? What island was opposite to the latter, and 
for what was it distinguished ? 

Which was the largest of the Greek islands, and 
whence did it derive its name ? What celebrated moun- 
tain was there ? In which part was it situate, and what 
was its constant appearance ? What heathen deity was 
worshipped with peculiar honour in Crete, and why ? 
In what ancient voyage w r as this island coasted, and 
what places are particularly mentioned in the account ? 
What metal did the island of Cyprus supply ? What 
heathen deity was most reverenced there ? Where was 
the chief temple ? What town was at the eastern ex- 
tremity ? By whom was it founded, and why so called ? 
What celebrated missionary traversed the isle, and what 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


49 


was his success ? What city was in the south, and who 
w as born there ? 

Which were the chief Grecian islands along the 
coast of Asia ? To what deity was Lemnos dedicated, 
and why ? What were the chief places in Lesbos, and 
for w hat were they celebrated ? For what was Chios 
famous ? Where were Samos, Icaria, and Patmos situ- 
ate ? and for what are they severally known ? For 
w hat have Cos and Rhodes been celebrated ? and what 
and why have the neighbouring isles been generally 
called ? 

How were the chief mountains in Asia distinguish- 
ed by the ancients ? Which v r as the principal ? What 
may be considered as the boundaries of Asia Minor? 
What provinces were inland, what washed by the Eux- 
ine, the Propontis, the Aegean sea, and the Mediter- 
ranean ? What Avere the divisions of Mysia and Piny- 
gia ? What Avere the chief places in them, and for what 
events were they noted ? What promontory, mountain, 
and rivers Avere in the neighbourhood of Troy ? What 
river was in Mysia Minor, and for Avhat event Avas it 
famed ? What was the extent of Bithynia ? What 
Arere its chief toAvns ? Hoav were they situate, distin- 
guished, and celebrated ? Where was Sinope, and who 
was born there ? Whence did Galatia derive its name 
and celebrity ? How far did Pontus extend ? Whose 
kingdom Aras it ? What fruit tree Avas brought into 
Europe from a town in this country, and by whom? 
What country was to the east of the Euxiue, and for 
Avhat was it celebrated ? By Avhom was the western 
coast of Asia Minor colonized ? What Avere particular 
districts called ? Whence did a colony issue to found 
a commercial city in Gaul ? What cities contended 
for the honour of Homer’s birth, and where were they 
respectively situate ? What other toArns were there in 
Ionia ? How were they situate, and for what were 
they severally noted ? Iu what kingdom was Ionia 
originally included ? What w as the history of its most 
famous sov ereign ? What Aras his capital, and its his- 
5 


50 


QUESTIONS IN 


tory ? For what were the other towns noted ? To what 
particular churches or societies of Christians in the 
country was a book in the J\ew Testament addressed ? 
What inland country was to the north of Lydia ? For 
what was a river, which rose here, celebrated ? What 
famous towns were in this province, and why ? What 
countries formed the south-west angle of Asia Minor ? 
For what were their chief towns remarkable ? What 
country was to the east of Caria ? What sea-port was 
in this province, and for what else was it noted ? What 
town in Pamphylia is mentioned in the Acts of the 
Apostles, and why ? What was the chief town in a 
province to the north, and what incident occurred 
there ? What hame was given to the river running 
through Pamphylia into the Mediterranean, and what 
event occurred at its mouth ? How were tw o northern 
provinces intersected ? What heathen tradition in this 
country might partly occasion an intended act of idol- 
atry related in the Acts of the Apostles ? How was a 
remarkable change made in the idolaters, and whither 
did the apostles escape from their fury ? What prov- 
ince was in the south-east of Asia Minor ? To what 
other provinces was it contiguous ? How was it protect- 
ed inland, and what were the various entrances called ? 
How did a city either here or in Cyprus give name to 
deviations from purity of language, and why were the 
cities so called ? On w hat river was the capital of the 
province situate, and for what were each noted ? What 
place on the confines of Syria was the scene of a fa- 
mous battle ? What towns were built to commemorate 
the issue ? At what place on the borders of Cappa- 
docia was a noted man born? 

What were the boundaries, extent, and provinces of 
Syria ? What towns in Commagene w ere situate on 
the Euphrates, and for what were they noted ? What 
w r ere the chief places in Syria proper, how were they 
situate, and for what were they celebrated ? Why was 
a province of Syria called Caele ? On what river was 
the chief town situate, and for what was it distinguish- 
ed ? What city was between the Orontes and the Eu- 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 51 

phrates? By whom was it founded, and what was its 
subsequent history ? What was the situation of Phoeni- 
cia, and how were its chief towns distinguished ? What 
names have been given to the Holy Land, and why ? 
How w as it separated from neighbouring countries ? 
Which mountains were the most noted ? What river 
was in this country ? What w as its course ? When was 
the first division of this country made, and how w as it 
inhabited ? How was the country afterward divided ? 
What w as the third division of the country ? By w hom 
was it conquered, and how divided ? Which of the 
Hebrew tribes had lands allotted thetn to the east of the 
river? Which had possessions on both sides? Which 
had territories washed by the Mediterranean ? Which 
lived inland ? What mountains were in Asher, Rueben, 
and on the confines of Edom ? Of what nature was the 
country in the north-east of Palestine, and what was it 
therefore called in the time of Christ ? What were the 
other chief provinces at the same period ? What town 
was situate between two branches of the Jordan, why 
was it sou called, and w hat incident occurred there ? 
What other names were given to the sea of Galilee, 
and why ? How many cities to the east formed a league, 
and what name w as hence given to the country ? What 
town was to the north-east, and who resided there ? 
What place was exactly north, and for what ia it 
know n ? What w ere the other chief towns in Galilee, 
and how have they obtained celebrity ? How was a 
mount to the east distinguished ? What province oc- 
cupied the middle of Palestine ? What mountains were 
there, and for what events were they and the several 
towns distinguished ? What were the sea-ports in Sa- 
maria, and for what were they noted ? What were 
the chief towns in Judea ? What was the capital of 
the Holy Land ? What mounts did the walls include, 
and for what were they remarkable ? What places in 
the environs are mentioned in the history of the Bible, 
and on what account ? What places were in the south 
of Judea ? By what people was the south-west long 
occupied? What were the chief towns? 


QUESTIONS in 


5.2 

What was the name of the region between the Ti- 
gris and the Euphrates ? What city did the Romans 
possess ? What were the most celebrated cities ? What 
country w as to the south-w est of Mesopotamia, and what 
w r as the name of its capital ? What country was to the 
east, and what was the name of its capital ? What 
famous place was not far distant ? What was the sit- 
uation of Media, and the name of its chief city ? What 
other cities were there? and what was the fate of one 
of them ? 

What ancient division of Arabia has been adopted 
in modern times ? What city on the Euphrates was 
sometimes included in an adjoining province? What 
was the capital of Arabia Petraea ? What did this 
country include, and what famous mountains were in 
this district ? What town in this country became cel- 
ebrated from its favourable situation ? What people 
lived in Arabia Felix, and w hat commodities did that 
country yield ? 

What were the situation, capital, and history of Par- 
thia ? What province was to the north-east ? What 
country did Alexander invade ? How far did he pro- 
ceed ? What was his subsequent history ? Which of 
the islands in India w r as known to the ancients ? What 
people inhabited the east of Asia, and what commodi* 
ty did they bring into Europe ? 

Who are reported to have sailed round the coast 
of Africa in ancient times ? How were the islands in 
the north-west named and distinguished? What events 
made the north of Africa known to the Romans? What 
provinces in particular ? How w ere they separated ? 
Who ruled iu them, and what was their- history ? 
Whence might the natives obtain their name ? What 
were the chief towns, and for what were they noted ? 
What w as the province of the east called ? By whom 
was its capital founded ? For what was a town to the 
>est of it noted ? What river ran between the tow ns, 
and w hat occurred on its banks ? What was the sub- 
sequent history of the commander? Whence did a 
region to the east derive its name? What was it af- 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 


53 


terward called, and why ? By whom was a certain 
city founded ? To whom were three cities tributary ? 
How was this district separated from Africa proper? 
How far in Africa did the empire of Carthage extend ? 
How were the boundaries fixed on the east side ? What 
was the place therefore called ? What formed the east- 
ern boundary of Cyrenaica ? What was the western 
part called, and why ? By whom was the chief town 
founded, and who was born there ? What was its port l 
Whence did the other towns derive their names, or 
for what were they celebrated ? 

Which was the most famous country in Africa ? How 
was the lower part formed, and what was it called ? 
What celebrated city was to the west? What was 
erected on an island for the convenience of mariners ? 
What were the chief ports and towns of the Delta ? 
How were they situate, and for what were they sev- 
erally known ? What particular country was in Low- 
er Egypt, and where was it situate ? What were the 
chief places in Upper Egypt, and for what were they 
famous? Which had characteristic names? What cu- 
riosities were there in this country, and where were 
they respectively situate ? What name was given to 
the eastern interior of Africa ? What towns belonging 
to Egypt were on the confines ? In what district were 
they included, and what was its chief town ? What 
natural curiosities were there on the Nile ? What was 
the name of an island in the Nile ? Were the sources 
of the Nile known to the ancients ? What African coun- 
tries were to the south of Numidia, and how were 
they known to the ancients ? 


5 * 


APPENDIX. 


COMPARATIVE VIEW 

OF 


ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 


In the following Tables the Countries unknoivn to the 
j. indents , or of which the names are uncertain , are 
left blank . 

The same numbers in the two adjacent columns on each 
page indicate the ancient and modem names of the 
same countries or places . 

v 


Modern Europe • 

Greenland, or the Arctic 
Continent 

Spitsbergen (Island) 
Iceland (Island), belong- 
ing to Norway 

NORWAY. 

}. Wardhuis, or Norwegi- 
an Lapland 

2. Drontheim 

3. Bergen 

4. Aggerhuis, or Christiana 


Ancient Europe. 


SCANDINAVIA, SCANDIA, Vel 
BALTIA. 

2. Nerigon 

3. Sitones 


ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 


55 


Modern Europe . Ancient Europe. 

SWEDEN. 

1* Lapland and West Both- 1. Scritofinni 
nia 

2. Sweden Proper 2. Suiones 

3. Gothland 3. Gutae et Hilleviones 

4. Finland 4. Finningia 

5. Islands of Gothland — 5. Insulae Sinus Codanl 

Oeland, Aland, Rugen 


DENMARK. 

Jutland. 

1. Alburg 

2. Wyburg 

3. Aarhusen 

4 . Rypen 

5. Sleswick 

Islands in the Baltic. 
Zealand 

2. Funen 

3. Falster 

4. Longeland 

5. Laland 

6. Femeren 

7. Alsen 
t. Moen 

9. Bornholm 

RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 

1. Livonia and Estonia 

2. Ingria, or the Govern- 
ment of Petersburg 

3. Carelia, or the Govern- 
ment of Wiburg 

4. Novogrod 

5. Archangel, Samoiedia 

6. Moscow 

7. JSfishnei JNovogrod 


Chcrsonesus Cimbrica. 
1. Cimbri 

3. Harudes 

4. Phundusii, Sigulones 

5. Sabalingii 

Insula Sinus Codani . 
1, 2. Teatones 


SARNATIA EUROPiEA. 

1. Hirri et ASstii vel Os- 
tiones 


4. Budini 
6. Basilici 


56 


COMPARATIVE VIEW OE 


Modern Europe . 

8. Smolenski 

9. Kiew 

10. Bielgorod 

11. Woronesk 

12. Azoff 


Ancient Europe- 

8. Cariones 

10 & 4. Budmi 

11. Roxolani 

12. Iazyges 


FRANCE. 

1. Picardy 

2. Isle of France 

3. Champagne 

4. Normandy 

5. Bretany 

0. Orleannois 


7. Lionnois 

8. Provence 

9. Languedoc 

10. Guienne 

11. Gascoigne 

12. Dauphine 

13. Burgundy and Franch- 

ecomte 

1 4. Lorraine and Alsace 


GALLIA. 

1. Ambiani 

2. Bellovaci, Parisii, Sues- 
sones 

3. Remi, Catalauni, Tri- 
casses, 13 Lingones 

4. Unelli vel Veneti,' 

Saii, Lexovii, Ve- 
liocasses 

5. Osismii, Veneti, 

Namnetes, Andes, }>*s 
Redones $ 

6. Aureliani,Carnutes, 

Senones, Turones, 
Pictones, Bituriges 

7. jEdui, Segusiani 

8. Salyes, Cavares 

9. Volcae, Arecomici, Hel- 
vii, Tolosates 

10. Petrocorii, Bituriges, Ca- 

durci, Ruteni 

11. Aquitani 

1 2. Allobroges, Centrones 

1 3. Lingones, JLdui, Sequani 

1 4. Leuci, Mediomatrici, 

Triboci, Nemetes 


SEVEN UNITED PROVINCES. SAXONES. , 

1. Holland 1, 2. Frisii 

2. Friesland 

3. Zealand 

4. Groningen 4. Cauci vel Chauci 


ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 


57 


Modern Europe. 

5. Overyssel 

6. Guelderland and Zut- 

phen , ^ 

7. Utrecht / -7. Batavi 



Ancient Europe. 
’ucteri. CatA Sicambii 


NETHERLANDS. 

1. Brabant 

2. Antwerp 

3. Mechlen or Malines 

4. Limburgh 

5. Luxemburgh 

6. Namur 

7. Hainault 

8. Cambresis 

9. Artois 

10. Flanders 


m 

\h 


BELGig, &C. 

1. Menagiv Tungrii 

2. TaAknclrK 

4, 5* Alemanni 

6. Treveri 

7. Remi 

9. Atrebates, Yeromandui 
10. Belgae, Morini 


GERMANY. 

1. Upper Saxony 

2. Lower Saxony 

3. Westphalia 

4. Upper Rhine 

5. Lower Rhine 

6. Franconia 

7. Austria 

8. Bavaria 

9. Suabia 


NATIONES GERMANICS. 

1 . Suevi, Lingae, &c. 

2. Saxones, Longobar- 

di, Gambrivii 

3. Cherusci, Chamavi, 

Gauchi, Germania 
Inferior 

4. Germania Superior 

5. Marci, Tincteri 

6. Marcomanni, Hermon- 

duri 

7. Noricum 

8. Rhaetia 

9. Yindelicia 


BOHEMIA. 

1. Bohemia Proper 

2. Silesia 

3. Moravia 

POLAND. 

1. Greater Poland 


1. Boiohoemum 

2. Corconti 

3. Q,uadi 

garmano-sarmata:. 
L Peucini 


Saxones. 


5S 


COMPARATIVE VIEW OF 


Modern Europe. 

2. Less Poland 

3. Prussia Royal 

4. Prussia Ducal 

5. Samogitia 

6. Courland 

7. Lithuania 

8. Warsovia 

9. Polachia 

10. Polesia 

Ancient Europe. 

2. Lugii 

3, 4. Burgundiones, Rugii, 

Guthones 

5. Ombroges 

6. Scyri 

7. 8. Cermano-Sarmatia 

1 1 . Red Russia 

12. Podolia 

13. Yolfainia 

11, 12, 33. Bastarnae 

SPAIN. 

1. Gallicia 

2. Asturia 

3. Biscay 

HISPANIA, vel IBERIA. 

1, 2, 3. Gallaecia — Canta- 
bri, Astures, Yarduli 

4. Navarre 
b. Arragon 

6. Catalonia 

4, 5, 6. Tarraconensis — — - 
Yascones, Yaletani 

7. Valentia 

8. Mercia 

9. Granada 

10. Andalusia 

7, 8. Carthaginensis — Mdi* 
tani, Contestani 

9, 10. Bcetica Bastiani, 

Bastuli, Turdetani, &c. 

11. Old Castile 

12. New Castile 

13. Leon 

14. Estremadura 

11. Gallaeciae pars — Accaei, 
Arevaci 

12. Tarraconensis pars 

Carpetani, Oretani 

1 3. Gallaeciae pars— Yettones 

14. Lusitaniae pars— Baeturia 

SPANISH ISLANDS. 
Ivica 

Majorca 

Minorca 

INSULiE HISPANICAL-. 

Baleares 


ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 


59 


Modem Europe. 

PORTUGAL. 


Ancient Europe, 

LUSITANIA. 


EDtre Minho e Douro Calliaci, Lusitaui, Celtici 

Tralos Montes 

Beira 

Estremadura 
Entre Tajo 
Alentajo 
Algarva 

SWITZERLAND. HELVETIA. 

!• Bern 1 2, 3, 4. Ambrones 

^2. Friburg 

3. Basil or Bale 

4. Lucern 

5. Soloturn 

6. Schaff hausen 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Tigurini 

7. Zurick 

8. Appenzel 

9. Zug 

10. Schweitz 

11. Glaris 

12. Uri 

13. Underwald 

14. Geneva 14. Nantuates 


15. Grison, &c. 


15. Veragri, Vallis Pennina, 
Lepontii 


1 . Savoy 


ITALY. 


ITALTA. 

1 . Lepontii, Segusi- 
ni, Taurini 


2. Piedmont 

3. Montferrat 



4. Milan 

5. Genoa 

6. Parma 

7. Modena 

8. Mantua 

9. Venice 
10. Trent 


8. Cenomani 

9. Venetia 
10. Tridentini 


6. Anamani 

7. Boii 


Gallia Cisalpina vel 
T ogata. 


60 


COMPARATIVE VIEW OP 


Modern Europe. 
11. The Popedom 


12. Tuscany 

13. Lucca 

1 4. San Marino 

15. Kingdom of Naples 


ITALIAN ISLANDS. 

1. Sicily 

2> Sardinia 

3. Corsica 

4. Malta 

5. Lipari Islands 

6. Capri, Ischia, &c. 

Hungary 

Transylvania 


Ancient Europe. 

1 1 . Lingones, Senones, Pic&- 

num, Umbria, Sabini, 
Pars Latii 

12. Tuscia vel Etruria 

13. Pars Tusciae 

1 4. Pars Unibrim 

15. Samnium, Pars Latii, 

Apulia, Campania, Lu- 
cania, Bruttium 

INSULiE ITALICS. 

1. SiciLia, Sicania, vel Tri- 

nacria 

2. Sardo, vel Sardinia 

3. Cyrnos, vel Corsica 

4. Melita 

5. Lipariae Insulae 

6. Capreae, Ischia, &c. 

Dacia 


ScLAVONIA 

Croatia 


Pannonia 

Illyricum 


TURKEY IN EUROPE. 

1. Dalmatia 

2. Bosnia 

3. Servia 

4. Wallachia 

5. Moldavia & Bessarabia 

6. Bulgaria 

7. Albania 

8. Macedonia 

9. Romania 

10. Livadia 

11. Morea 

12. BudziacTartary or 

Bessarabia 

13. Little Tartary 

14. Crimea 


1. Dalmatia 

2. Maesia Superior 

3. Dacia Ripensis 

4. Getae 

5. Pars Dacioe 

6. Maesia Inferior 

7. Epirus 

8. Macedonia 

9. Thracia 

10. Thessalia 

11. Peloponnesus 

12. Scythia et pars 
Daciae 

1 3. Parva Scythia 
^H.TauricaChersoaesus 


ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 


61 


Modern Europe. 

GREEK ISLANDS. 

1. Corfu 

2. Cephalonia 

3. Zante 

4. Ithace, Thiace, &c. 

GREEK ISLANDS IN THE 
ARCHIPELAGO. 

1. Candia 

2. Negropont 

3. Stalimene 

4. Scyro, &c. 


Ancient Europe. 

INSULjE MARIS IONII. 

1. Corcyra 

2. Cephalenia 

3. Zacynthus 

4. Ithaca, &c. 


INSUL.fi MARIS fiGfil. 

1. Creta 

2. Euboea 

3. Lemnos 

4. Scyros, & c. 


GREAT BRITAIN. 


SCOTLAND. 

1. Edinburg 

2. Haddington v ’* 

3. Berwick 

4. Roxburgh 

5. Selkirk 

6. Dumfries 

7. Kircudbright 

8. Peebles 

9. Wigton 
!o. Lanerk 

1 1 . Air 

12. Dumbarton 

13. Bute 

14. Renfrew 

15. Stirling 

1 6. Linlithgow 

1 7. Fife 

18. Clackmannan 

19. Kinros 

20. Perth 

21. Argyle 


SCOTIA. 


2. ^ Damnii) y ec t ur i 0 nes 


3. Ottodini 

4. 


5. 

6 . 

7. 

8 . 

9. 

10 . 

11 . 

12 . 

13. 

14 . 

15. ■ 

16. J 

17. -| 

18 . 

19 . 

20 . 


> Selgovae 


Novantes 




Damnii 


Picti 


J> Caledonii }> Picti 


j 


21. Epidii, Gadeni, Cerones 


6 


02 


COMPARATIVE VIEW OF 


Modern Europe. 


Ancient Europe . 


GREAT BRITAIN. 


Scotland, 


SCOTIA. 


22. Kincardine 

22. V ernicones - ' 

23. Forfar 

23. Horestae 

24. Aberdeen 

24. ) V. 

25. Banff 

25. > Taezali 

26. Elgin 

26. ) 

27. Nairn 

28. Inverness 

27 ) 

28 ; ^ Vaco magi 

29. Boss 

29 . ) 

30. Cromarty- 

30. > Cantae [ ( 

31. Sutherland 

31. ) r ‘ 

32. Caithness 

32. Mertae J 

33. Orkney 

33. Orcades 

34. Shetland 

34, Thule 


> Attacoti 


Scoti 


ENGLAND. 

1. Cornwall > 

2. Devonshire 

3. Dorsetshire 

4. Hampshire 

5. Somersetshire 

6. Wiltshire 


k | 

I. Di 

n 


NGLIA. 

Damnonii 


3. Durotriges 

5. J Belgae 

0 . 


7. Berkshire 

7. 

Attrebatii 

8. Oxfordshire 

8. 

> Dobuni 

9. Gloucestershire 

9. 

10. Monmouthshire 

10. 

> Silures 

11. Herefordshire 

11. 

12. Worcestershire 

12. 

) 

13. Staffordshire 

13. 

> Cornavii 

14. Shropshire 

14. 

S 

15. Essex 

15. 

Trinobantes 

1 6. Hartfordshire 

16. 

Catieuchlani 

1 7. Kent 

17. 

Cantii 

1 8. Surry 

1 9.o Sussex 

18. 

19. 

> Regni 


ANCIENT AND 

modern geography. 

Modern Europe . 

20 . Norfolk 

21 . Suffolk 

22 . Cambridgeshire 

23. Huntingdonshire 

24. Bedfordshire 

25. Buckinghamshire 

Ancient Europe . 

| Simeni, vel lceni 
22 . ) 

23. ^ Catieuchlani 

24. ) 

25. Attrebatii 

26. Lincolnshire 

27. Nottinghamshire 

28. Derbyshire 

29. Rutlandshire 

30. 'Leicestershire 

31. Warwickshire 

32. Northamptonshire 

26. 

27. | 

28. ^ Coritani 

29. ! 

30. J 

31. Cornavi 

32. Catieuchlani 

33. Northumberland 

34. Durham 

35. Yorkshire 

36. Lancashire 

37. Westmoreland 

38. Cumberland 

39. Cheshire 

40. Middlesex 

34 | Ottadeni 

35.’ 

3 ®* Brigantes 

38! j 

39. Cornavii 

40. Attrebates et 

Catieuchlani 


WALES. 

1 . Anglesey 

2 . Flintshire 

3. Montgomery 

4. Denbighshire 

5. Carnarvonshire 

6 . Merioneth 

7. Cardiganshire 

8 . Carmarthenshire 

9. Pembrokeshire 

10. Radnorshire 

1 1 . Brecknockshire 

12 . Glamorganshire 

1 . Mona Insula 

4. J> Ordovices 

5. , ! 

7 - ) 

8 . } Demetse 

9. J 

10 . ) 

11. } Silures 

12 . ) 


63 


Connaught Munster Ulster Leinster 


64 


COMPARATIVE VIEW OF 


Modem Europe. 

IRELAND. 

7 . Louth 

2. Meath East 

3. Meath West 

4. Longford 

5. Dublin 

6. Kildare 

'l 7. King’s County 

8. Queen’s County 

9. Wicklow 

10. Carlow 

11. Wexford 
J2. Kilkenny 

”13. Donnegal or Tyr- 
connel 

1 4. Londonderry 

15. Antrim 
J 16. Tyrone 

1 7. Fermanagh 

18. Armagh 

19. Down 

20. Monaghan 
c 21. Cavan 

f22. Cork County 
j 23. Waterford 
J 24. Tipperary 
j 25. Limerick 
j 26. Kerry 
^27. Clare 

(”28. Galway 
| 29. Roscommon 
<j 30. Mayo 
| 31. Sligoe 
(J32. Leitrim 


Ancient Europe. 

HIBERNIA, vel IRENE. 



13. Vennicnii 


. E 
;} 


14 

15 

16 

17. Erdiui 

18. 


Robogdii 


Yoluntii 


21. Cauci 

22. Yodiae, Iverfii 
24' | Brigantes 

| Vclaborii 

21 . ) 

\ Gangani 
28. ) 

29. Auteri 


30. I 

31. > JNagnatae 

32. ) 


BRITANNIC ISLANDS. INSULJE BRITANNIC-^. 

1 . Shetland and Orkney 1 . Thule 

2. Western Isles of Scotland 2. Ebudes Insulae 


ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 


85 


Modern Europe . 

3. Mail 

4. Anglesey 

5. Wight 

Modern Asia. 

TURKEY IN ASIA. 

1 . Natalia 


2. Amasia or Siivas 

3. Aladulia 

4. Caramania 

5. Irak 

6. Diarbeck 

7. Curdistan 

8. Turcomania 

9. Georgia 

10. Syria and Palestine 


ARABIA. 

Arabia Petraea 
Arabia Deserta 
Arabia Felix 

PERSIA. 

1. Chorassan 

2. Balk, Sablustan, Can- 

dahar 

3. Sigistan 

4. Makeran 

5. Kerman 

6. Farsistan 

7. Chusestan 

8. Irak Agem 

9. Curdcstan 


Ancient Europe * 

3. Monaeda vel Mona 

4 . Mona 

5. Vectis 

Ancient Asia . 

ASIA BIINOR. 

1 . Mysia, Lydia, Caria, 

Phrygia, Bithynia, Ga- 
latia, Paphlagonia 

2. Pontus 

3. Armenia 

4. Cappadocia, Cilicia, &e . 

5. Babylonia, Chaldaea 

6. Mesopotamia 

7. Assyria 

Armenia Major 

10. Syria, Palmyrene, Phoe- 
nicia, Judaea 

ARABIA. 

Arabia Petraea 
Arabia Deserta 
Arabia Felix 

PERSIA. 

1. Pars Hyrcanioe et 
Sogdianae 

2. Bactriana 

3. Drangiana 

4. 

5. Gedrosia 

6. Persis 

7. Susiana 

8. Parlhia 

9. Pars Assyriae 


6 * 


66 


comparative view of 


Modern Asia • 

10. Aderbeitzen 

11 . Georgia 

12. Gangea 

13. Dagestan 

14. Mazanderam 

15. Gilan Taberistan 

16. Chivan 


Ancient Asia . 

10. Media 

] 2 X Iberia, Colchis, et 
12 * i Albania 

15. Pars Hyrcanise 

16. Pars Albania 


INDIA. 

Mogol 

Delli 

Agra 

Cambaia 

Bengal 

India within the Ganges * 
Decan 
Golconda 
Bisnagar 
Malabar 

Island of Ceylon 


INDIA. 

India intra Gangem. 
Palibothra 
Agora 

Regna Pori et Taxilis 


Dachanos 

Prasii vel Gangaridae 
Male 

Taprobana Insula vel Salice 


India beyond the Ganges . India extra Gangem . 

Pegu 
Tonquin 
Cochinchina 

Siam Sinaram Regio 

RUSSIA IN ASIA. 

1 . Astracan 1 . Sarmatia Asiatica 

2. Orenburg 2. 

3. Casan 3. I 

4. Siberia*— Tobolsk, Jen- 4. )> Scythia intra Imauni 

iseia, Irkutsk, Kams- \ 
chatka J 

INDEPENDENT TARTARY. 

J . Great Bucharia 1 . Bactriaua, Sogdiana 

2. Karasm 2. Aria 


ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 


67 


Modern Asia. 

ALUTH TARTARS. 

1. Little Bucharia 

2. Casgar 

3. Turkestan 

4. Kalmac Tartars 

5. Thibet 

6. Little Thibet 

Modern Africa. 

BARBARY. 

1. Morocco 

2. Algiers 

3. Tunis 

4. Tripoli 

5. Barca 


1. Egypt 

2. Bildulgerid 

3. Zaara, or the Desert 

4. Negroland 

5. Guinea 

6. Upper Ethiopia 

Nubia, Abyssinia, Abex 

7. Lower Ethiopia 

8. Lower Guinea — Lo- 

ango, Gongo, Angola, 
Benguela, Matanan 

9. Ajan 

10. Zanguebar 

1 1. Monomotapa 

12. Monoemugi 

13. SOFOLA 

14. Terra de Natal 

15. Cafraria, or country 

of the Hottentots 


Ancient Asia . 

scythia extra imaum. 

1. 

2 . 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6 . 

Ancient Africa. 

1. Mauritania Tingitana 

2. Mauritania Csesariensis 

3. Nuniidia, Africa Propria 

4. Tripolitana 

5. Cyrenaica, Libya 
Superior 

1. iE&YPTUS 

2. Libya Inferior, 

G^etulia 

3. SoLITUDINES 

4. Autololes 

6. .Ethiopia*: et Libyje 
pars 

7. .Ethiopian pars 




63 


COMPARATIVE VIEW OF 


Names of the principal Seas , Bays , and Straits , known 
by the Ancients . 


Ancient N antes. 

Mare Pigrum, or Mare 
Glaciale 
Sinus Codanus 
Oceanus Occidentals, or 
Mare Atlanticum 
Oceanus Germanicus 
Oceanus Britannicus 
Mare Internum, or Mare 
Mediterraneum 
Mare Hadriaticum 
Mare iEgaeum 
Pontus Euxinus 
Mare Caspium 
Sinus Persicus 
Sinus Arabicus 
Oceanus Indicus 
Mare Eoum 
Erythraeum Mare 
Sinus Gangeticus 
Mare Hibernicum 
Fretum Gallicum 
Sinus Gaditanus 
Fretum Gaditanum, or 
Herculeum 

Oceanus Cantabricus or 
Aquitanicus 
Sinus Ligusticus 
Mare Tyrrheum, Tuscum 
or Inferum 
Sinus Crater 
Sardoum Mare 
Mare Siculum 
Fretum Siculum 
Mare Ionium 
Sinus Tarentinus 


Modern Names • 

Frozen Ocean 
Baltic Sea 

Western or Atlantic Ocea* 

German Ocean 
British Channel 

Mediterranean Sea 

Gulf of Venice 

Aegean Sea, or Archipelago 

Black Sea 

Caspian Sea 

Persian Gulf 

Arabian Gulf, or Red Sea 

Indian Ocean 

Sea of China 

Arabian Sea 

Bay of Bengal 

Irish Sea 

Strait of Dover 

Bay of Cadiz 

Strait of Gibraltar 

Bay of Biscay 

Gulf of Genoa 

Sea of Naples 

Bay of Naples 
Sea of Sardinia 
Sea of Sicily 
Strait of Messina 
Ionian Sea 
Gulf of Parent© 


ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 


69 


Ancient Names. Modern Names. 


Sinus Coriuthiacus 

Gulf of Lepanto 

Eurlpus 

Strait of Negropont 

Hellespontus 

Strait of Dardanelles 

Mare Icarium 

Part of the Archipelago 

Mare ASgyptum 

Coast of the Delta 

Syrtis Major 

Gulf of Sitra 

Syrtis Minor 

Gulf of Kabes or Gabes 

Propontis 

Sea of Marmora 

Bosporus Thracius 

Strait of Constantinople 

Pal us Moeotis 

Sea of Azof 

Bosporus Cimmerius 

Strait of Cafa 

Names of the principal Rivers known by the Ancict 

Ancient Names. 

Modern Names . 

Anas 

Guadiana 

Boetis 

Guadalquiver 

Tagus 

Tayo 

Durius 

Duero 

Iberus 

Ebro 

Garunina 

Garonne 

Liger 

Loire 

Sequana 

Seine 

Rhodanus 

Rhone 

Rhenus 

Rhine 

Mosa 

Maese 

Schaldis 

Scheldt 

Samara 

Somme 

Mosella 

Moselle 

Yahalis 

Waal 

Padus 

Po 

Arnus 

Arno 

Ollius 

Oglio 

Addua 

Adda 

Ticinus 

Tesino 

Tiberis 

Tiber 

Yisurgis 

Weser 

Albis 

Elbe 


70 


COMPARATIVE VIEW OF 


Ancient Names . Modern Names . 


Viadrus 

Vistula 

Hebrus 

Danubius or Istcr 
Tyras 

Borysthenes 

Tanais 

llha 

Tamesis 

Alaunus 

Abus 

Sabrina 

Glota 

Orontes 

Jordanus 

Euphrates 

Tigris 

Indus 

Hydaspes 

Hypasis 

Oxus 

Asopus 

Iaxartes 

Ganges 

Granicus 

Scamander or Xanthus 

Peneus 

Maeander 

Halys 

Pactolus 

]Xilus 

Bagrada 

Daradus 


Oder 


Danube 

Niester 

Nieper 

Don 

Volga 

Thames") 

Avon I 

Humber ^>in Britain 
Severn ( 

Clyde J 

Jordan 


Gihon 
Sir or Sihon 


Kile 

Senegal 


The principal Islands in the Mediterranean . 
Ancient Names. Modern Names. 


Baleares Insulae 
Corsica or Cyrnos 
Sardinia or Ichnusa 


Ivica, Majorca, Minorca 

Corsica 

Sardinia 


ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 


71 


Ancient Names . 
jEoliae or Vulcan he Insulae 
Sicilia, Sicania, or Trinacria 
Melita 
Corcyra 
Leucadia 
Cephalleuia 
Cythera 
Lemnos 
Lesbos 
Scyros 
Euboea 
Andros 
Tenos 
Chios 
Icaria 
Samos 
Cos 
Naxos 
Paros 
Milos 
Rhodus 
Creta or Crete 
Cyprus 

Cyclades 


Modern Names . 
Lipari Isles 


Sicily 
Malta 
Corfu 
Leucadia 
Cefalonia\ 
Cerigo ' 
Stalimen 


/ 



Mytilin 

Syra 

Negropont 

Andro 

Tina 

Scio 

Icaros 

Samos 

Stanco 

Naxia 

Paros 

Milo 

Rhodes 

Candia 


Many small islands in the 
southern part of the 
Archipelago 


Islands in the Atlantic Ocean . 


Ancient Names. 
Britannia or Albion 
Hibernia or Ierne 
Ebudes Insulae 
Thule 
Vectis 

Mona or Monaeda 
Cassiterides 
Sarmia 
Caesarea 

Fortunatae Insulae 


Modern Names . 
Britain 
Ireland 

Hebiides or Western Isles 
Orkney and Shetland Isles 
Isle of Wight 
Man 

Scilly Isles 

Guernsey 

Jersey 

The Canaries 


72 


ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 


Ancient Names of Mountains. 


Alpes, Jura, Pyreniae, Apenninus, Vesuvius, iEtna, 
Parnassus, Olympus, Ida, Pindus, Ossa, Pelion, Haemus, 
Hybla, Helicon, Alpes Bastarnicae, or Carpates (the 
Carpathian Mountains), Amanus, Imaus, Caucasus, 
Taurus, Antitaurus, Montes Lunae,' Arabicus Mons, 
Lybicus Mons, Atlas. 

The ancient names of many towns in Italy, Greece, 
Gaul, Spain, and Britain occur in Caesar’s Commenta- 
ries and other books. But of most of these no traces 
remain, and the true positions cannot be determined. 
As the names and situations of the most famous places 
of antiquity, and of those which are distinguished by 
any remarkable events, have been mentioned in the 
former part of this work, it does not appear necessary 
to repeat them here in a tabular form. 


THE END. 


Corrections. 


Page. Line. 


For North read South-east 
After and add the island of 
For east read south-east side 


14 33 

21 14 

28 15 










